Ch 8 Flashcards
What are the two changes that puberty consist of that mark the change from childhood to young adulthood?
- dramatic increases in height, weight, and body fat distribution
- changes in the reproductive organs that mark sexual maturity
How much weight do females and males gain during puberty?
- females 20 pounds per year
- males 25 pounds per year
How long do girls being puberty before boys?
2 years
What age do girls typically start their growth spurt and when does it end?
- start at around age 11
- typically end at 15 but it last 4 years after they start
What age do boys typically start their growth spurt and when does it end?
- begin around 13
- and ends around 17
organs of reproduction
primary sex characteristics
denote physical signs of maturity that are not directly linked to reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
onset of menstruation in girls
menarche
First period are usually what?
irregular and without ovulation
the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-containing fluid
spermarche
First ejaculations usually contain few sperm, how long until there is enough sperm to fertilize an egg?
months or years
How are growth hormones trigerred?
the hypothalamus produces hormones to the pituitary gland
How does estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys produce?
the pituitary stimulates other glands
The timing of puberty is genetically regulated and is affected by what?
health and nutrition, you cannot hit puberty until you have a certain level of fat
In countries where nutrition and health care are better what occurs earlier?
menarche
What is the psychological impact of body image?
- teenagers are very attentive to physical changes, which take place very rapidly and are dramatic
- girls are more critical of their appearance and are likely to be dissatisfied while boys are more likely to be pleased
During the first period what are girls pleased by and dissatisfied by? How do they react to it?
they are pleased that they started but upset about the messiness they usually share the news with mothers and friends right away
How do boys react to hitting puberty?
They are usually more pleased if they know about it beforehand but they rarely tell their parents and friends
What may have significant consequences for adolescents?
the rate of maturation
What usually benefits boys but not girls?
early maturation
What are the feelings of boys and girls about early maturation?
- boys tend to have more positive feelings
- girls tend to have negative feelings
Why do teenagers need high caloric intake and how much do they need?
- the high growth and metabolism rates
- girls need about 2200 calories
- boys need about 2700 calories
Most US teens consume sufficient calories but not in…
balanced, nutritional meals
In the US about how many children are overweight?
1 in 7
What do successful programs for overweight children focus on?
- eating habits
- sedentary behavior
In overweight programs where is success rooted from?
- monitoring their eating
- exercise
- sedentary behavior
Who are trained to help set realistic goals and to use behavioral principles in meeting them?
parents
disorder marked by an irrational fear of being overweight, have disorted bod image, and 1/10 adolescents with this die
anorexia
disorder that consist of binge eating and purging by vomiting or with laxatives, bingeing may occur as many as 20 times per week, adolescents with this cannot stop eating
bulimia
What is the top 3 causes of death in adolescents?
- car wrecks
- firearms
- suicides
stem from decisions to engage in higher risk behavior
accidental death
Adolescents may give greater weight to what?
social consequences of choices
accounts for 12% of deaths in teenagers, girls have 6x the attempts than males, males have 4x higher success rate
suicide
What do kids who attempt suicide have?
- poor parental care
- do not do as well in school
- are from mobile families
- depressed
- drugs/alcohol
What is the list of questions that are asked to a suicidal individual?
- Ever thought about suicide?
- When do you think about it?
- How often do you think about it?
- Do you have a plan?
- What is your plan?
- Do you have access to drugs, guns, etc..?
- When would you carry out your plan?
- Why have you not carried out your plan?
What is the importance of the last question in the suicide assessment?
it finds the anchors in their life
What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral delimas?
- preconventional (do not understand)
- conventional (understand)
- postconventional (understand it on a moral level)
What did Kohlberg say about the order that people progress?
They progress through each stage
What shows that people do not skip stages and do not regress?
longitudinal studies
What demonstrates the links between levels of moral reasoning and moral action?
research
What are higher levels of moral reasoning and action associated with?
causes and following beliefs
What are lower levels of moral reasoning and action associated with?
delinquency
What biases where Kohlberg’s findings?
- gender
- cultural
What did Kohlberg focus too much on?
legalistic moral problems
Who’s theory stresses higher level’s emphasis on individual rights and justice, reflecting western Judeo-Christian values?
Kohlberg’s
Principles reflected in other countries may be different and affects resolution of…
moral dilemmas
Eastern cultures put what above individual right?
- coring for others
- familial obligations
What does Gilligan argue?
That Kohlberg’s emphasis on justice is more applicable to men than women, even in the western cultures
What is the primary emphasis for women?
caring
What is the primary emphasis for women? Which is what?
- caring
- the highest principle for the alleviation of social and global problems
What are Gilligan’s stages of moral dilemmas?
- step one- preoccupation with one’s own needs
- step two- coring for others
- step three- emphasis of caring in all human relationships and denunciation of violence/exploitation
How do children advance through the stages of moral dilemmas?
Through contact with those at higher stages
What did Kohlberg find about the discussion of morality?
He found that it can help children see short-comings in moral reasoning
