Ch 11 Flashcards
What of a person is strongly related to the quantity and quality of contacts with friends
life satisfaction
Although some theorists assume that young adults have more friends than do middle aged or other adults. Why has it been difficult to test this assumption properly
- lack of longitudinal data
- no agreement on the definition of friendship
What are the three broad themes of adult friendship
- an affective basis of friendship
- communal nature of friendship
- sociability of friendship
What are the gender differences of friendship
- men do things together while women talk together
What do women tend to base friendships on
- more intimate sharing and confiding in others
What do men tend to base their friendships on
- shared interest or activities
What do mens friendship tend to involve
- less sharing and more competition
Do men or women tend to have more close friends
women
What might cross sexed relationships help men with
their capacity for intimacy
What were the three basic components of love that Robert Sternberg found
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
When al three components of love are combined in all possible ways what do you end up with
- the seven sub varieties of love
physical desire
passion
need to share thoughts and actions
intimacy
willingness to stay with someone during good and bad ways
commitment
The theory of assortative mating suggest that people find partners based on what
similarity
the degree to which people are similar
homogamy
Where is it found where homogamy is the greatest
between partners that met in school or some religious setting
What have studies found about preference that women have of men in relationships
- more masculine for shorter term relationships
- more feminine for husbands or someone their parents would want them to date
What percentage of men and women are single through the ages of 20 and 24
- men 80%
- women 70%
Who remain single for longer
men
Twice as many African Americans as European Americans are what throughout adulthood
single
Young adults may perceive married people as what
- caring
- kind
- giving
What are the positives of being permanent single in both men and women
- flexible schedules
- freedom
- career
What are the negatives in women of being permanently single
- more likely to be mugged raped burglarized and taken advantage of at work
What are the negatives in men of being permanently single
- higher mortality rates suicide and alcoholism
What are the negatives in both women and men of being permanently single
- feel lonely get fed up with dating less sense of security
What are the three decisions to cohabit
- part time or limited cohabitation
- premaritally cohabitation
- substitute marriage
- usually for convenience and accessibility
- no long term commitment
- marriage is not the goal
part time or limited cahabitation
- usually a trial marriage and if it doesn’t end in marriage the couple splits up
premarital cohabitation
- a long term commitment without legal marriage
- more common with older couples who may lose financial benefits if they marry
substitute marriage
What does research in cohabitation suggest?
- it does not increase the chances of a successful marriage
- more recent research shows lessoning of the negative effect
Most research shows similar issues for marriages between what
homosexual and heterosexual couples
Heterosexual couples argue more about what
- financial political and social value issues
Homosexual couples are more likely to argue about what
- trust issues
What do gay and lesbian couples report less of than do married or cohabiting couples
- support from family
Studies show what about the median age of marriage
it has been rising for the past several decades
Women under the age of 20 at the time of their first marriage are how many times more likely to divorce than women who marry in their 20s and how many times more likely than those in their 30s
- 3
- 6
What is an important aspect of making a marriage work
managing conflict
What are the three recognized types of conflict management for stable marriages
- validating couples
- volatile couples
- avoidant couples
What are the two types of unsuccessful couples
- hostile/engaged couples
- hostile/detached couples
What appears to be the highest at the beginning of the marriage and as the couple enters old age
marital satisfaction
When does marital satisfaction decrease the most
with the birth of the first child
What types of couples report higher satisfaction rates throughout most of their lifespan unless what
- childless couples
- they were unable to have children
Couples who have enjoyed happy marriages over the years are better able to deal with what
- changes and challenges
Problems an individual experiences may actually bring couples closer expect for what and what is their tendencies
- physical illness which has a tendency to negatively affect marital quality
What are the most important factors in good marriages
- good communication about thoughts feelings and actions
What are the even keys of staying married
- make time for your relationship
- express your love to your spouse
- be there in times of need
- communicate about problems in the relationship
- make certain division of labor is equal
- confide in your spouse
- forgive minor offenses and try to understand the major ones
About what percentage of pregnancies in the US are unplanned
more than 50%
What is always a big consideration in deciding in whether to have a baby
finances
An average family having a child in 200 will spend around how much over 17 years for food shelter and other necessities to raise a child
$241770
Childless couples have what and how are they viewed
- higher standard of living
- greater marital satisfaction
- may be viewed negatively by society
Recently couples are couples having fewer or more children and waiting less or more time
fewer children and waiting longer
Who are more at ease spend more times with their babies and are more affectionate
older parents
Men who become fathers at what age spend up to 3 times as much time caring for their preschool children
30s
More than what percent of women with children under the age of 18 are employed outside the home and still perform most of the child rearing tasks
70%
What race of husbands are more likely to help with household chores and child care then what race of husbands
- African Americans
- European American
What race of families assign important roles to children and who spend large amounts of time passing cultural values on to them
- Native Americans
- Tribal members
Latino families are less likely than European or Asian American families to be what
two parent families
Who value familism
latino families
placing the well being of the family over individual concerns
familism
what percent of African Americans births are out of wedlock
70%
what percent of latino births are out of wedlock
40%
what percent of european american births are out of wedlock
20%
What are the causes of out of wedlock births
- high divorce rates
- decision to keep out of wedlock births
- fertility rates
What probability drops to almost zero by the time you reach 8 years
divorce
Who are most likely to end in divorce
- african americans
- puerto ricans
- ethnically mixed marriages
Who are similar in divorce rates
- european americans
- mexican americans
- cuban americans
What are the top three reasons men and women give for divorce
- communication problems
- unhappiness
- incompatibility
What percent of divorce are not contested
90%
What percent of the time are mothers awarded custody
70%
What are among the most difficult on parents and children
Custody issues
70% of the cases in which a father sues for custody are what
successful in attaining custody or partial custody
For what reasons fathers may be encourages to sue for custody whether they actually want it or not
financial reasons
Even many years after the divorce are men or women less likely than the other to have positive relationships with their adult children
men
What type of relationship is more likely to be positive or intensify after the divorce
adult daughter with their mother
on average how long do men and women wait for remarriage
about 4 years
Who wait longer than european americans or hispanics
african americans
Do remarriages have a higher rate of divorce than original marriages
yes
remarriages involving what are 3 times more likely to end in a divorce
stepchildren
Who are more likely to initiate a divorce but less likely to remarry
women
