Ch 7 Flashcards
Who stated that parenting can be viewed through the dimension of warmth and responsiveness
Baumrind
What are the four different parenting styles?
- Authoritarian
- Permissive- Indulgent
- Permissive- Indifferent
- Authoritative
Children of warm parents feel…
secure, happ, and are more well-behaved
Children of hostile or uninvolved parents may be…
anxious and less controlled
How do the dimension of control affect parenting effectiveness?
- children of over-controlling parents may feel unable to develop standards of behavior on their own
- a balance of good control, communication, and warmth results in children with an understanding of what is expected and invites dialogue
- high control with little warmth
- hard work, respect, and obedience are encouraged
- little give-and-take and parents do not explain their decisions
authoritarian
- combines more control with warmth and responsiveness
- they explain the rules and encourage decision
authoritative
- provides warmth with little control
- use little punishment and accept their children’s behavior
Indulgent-permissive
parenting that involves little warmth or control
- parents are not involved with their children except to provide for basic physical and emotional needs
- they minimize their time with their children
indifferent-uninvolved
What are the effects of authoritative parenting on children?
- they tend to be more responsible, self-reliant, and friendly
What are the effects of authoritarian parents on children?
- lower self-esteem and are less skilled socially
What are the effects of indulgent-permissive parents on children?
- often impulsive and easily frustrated
What are the effects of indifferent-uninvolved parents on children?
- they often have low self-esteem, and are aggressive, impulsive, and moody
Which ethnicity of parents tend to value warmth and moderate control in order to encourage independence and self-reliance?
European-American
Where is individualism not as highly valued, and cooperation and collaboration are encouraged by more emotional restraint and control?
- Asian and Latin American countries
Parents that use what tell children what to do and when and why? When is it most powerful?
- direct instruction
- when combined with modeling
When is learning by observation effective?
- when paired with counterimitation
- learning what should not be done
occurs when a child cries, complains, or whines until the parent relents and provides what the child desires
negative reinforcement trap
Punishment is more effective when it is…
- immediate
- consistent
- informative
- administered by a person with whom the child has a warm and affectionate relationship
What has side-effects and drawbacks such as being only temporarily effective?
punishment
Children upset by punishment may not understand what?
the purpose of the consequence
may result in aggression as a means to resolve disputes with other children
physical punishment
a consequence of misbehavior in which the child sits alone in a boring location is brief effective and informative
Time-out
Research demonstrates that chronic parental conflict is harmful to children. What are the effects of that?
- jeopardizes children’s feelings of a stable family
- affects the parent-child relationship
- parents in conflict may be too preoccupied for high quality parenting
What are the characteristics of children that affects how parents treat them?
- age
- temperament and behavior
- higher test scores
- more driven to succeed
first born
- more socially advanced
- the great “compromiser”
middle child
- more rebellious
- more outgoing and popular with peers
youngest child
- not more spoiled
- similar to first born in IQ, leadership, autonomy, and maturity
only child
After divorce who do children tend to live with?
mothers
How were mothers in the first months after divorce?
they were less affectionate with children
Where parents able to control their children after divorce?
they were less able to
What happened with mothers 2 years after divorce?
they were more affectionate and better able to discipline
What happens with mothers and their children 6 years after divorce?
- mothers and daughters were closer
- mothers and their sons in conflict
By divorce how might development be affected?
It could be affected by the loss of a role model, economic hardship, and parental conflict
When are children more affected by divorce?
more during childhood and adolescence than preschool or college ages
What kind of children may be more affected by divorce?
children who are more emotional
After divorce what should you reward your children with and what is positive in their impact of it?
- reward with warmth, support, and communication
- parental cooperation and same-sex custody are positives in their impact
What are the types of abuse?
- physical
- neglect
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
What are the types of neglect?
- physical neglect
- educational neglect
- emotional neglect
exists in all forms of maltreatment
emotional abuse
Who are more likely to be victims of neglect?
younger children (newborns to 2 years)
Who are more likely to be victims of physical abuse?
toddlers, preschoolers, and adolescents
What type of abuse is relatively constant?
sexual abuse
What are the gender differences in sexual abuse?
- girls account for 80% of the victims of sexual abuse
What is more common among the poor and larger households?
maltreatment
Children of a single parent home are more at risk of what?
- neglect
- physical abuse
Who is usually the perpetrator?
the parent
Who are more likely to neglect children?
mothers
Who are more likely for physical and sexual abuse?
fathers
What gender is the majority of sexual abuse defenders?
male
Can pedophiles be identified by looks, background, or personality traits?
no
How can you prevent abuse and maltreatment?
- reducing physical punishment
- maintaining social supports can give parents opportunities for venting and advise
- counseling and parenting skills training can help
What do friends tend to be?
- same sexed
- similar aged
- from the same race or ethnic group
What do friends tend to have?
- similar interests
- attitudes
- recreational pursuits
Children with same and opposite sexed friends tend to be…
- more popular
- well-adjusted
- academically successful
- higher self-esteem
What refers to likability?
peer aceptence
What are the five categories of peer aceptence?
- popular children
- rejected children
- controversial children
- neglected children
- average children
How do you help rejected aggressive children?
- intensive academic tutoring
- perspective taking and social problem solving
- improve parent-child interactions
How do you help rejected withdrawn children?
- teaching to respond in non-reinforcing ways
- coaching, modeling, and reinforcing ways
- increase expectations for social success
Parental behavior can result in imitation of what?
poor social skills and conflict
Inconsistent punishment may result in what?
aggressive and antisocial behavior
a child using aggression to achieve an explicit goal
instrumental aggression
aggression that is unprovoked and is used to intimidate or harass
hostile aggression
Children’s tendency to behave aggressively is stable over time especially if…
seen at a young age
About 10% of elementary-school-age children and adolescents are…
chronic victims of aggression
Children who are frequent victims of aggression are often…
lonely, anxious, depressed, and dislike school
Who may be aggressive themselves or tend to be withdrawn and submissive?
victimized children
