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Kaplan Behavioral Science > Ch 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

what process does the Michelangelo Phenomenon describe

A

self = interpersonal self + intrapersonal self

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2
Q

what is social action

A

actions/behaviors individuals are conscious of and performing when others are around

behavior that differs or occurs in front of an audience

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3
Q

what is social facilitation

A

individuals perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others d/t the performance response of being watched

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4
Q

what does the Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation state

A

being in the presence of others raises arousal
Enhances simple tasks
Hinders complex tasks

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5
Q

what are simple tasks

A

task a person is already skilled at, enhanced with an audience

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6
Q

what are complex tasks

A

task a person is unfamiliar with, hindered by an audience

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7
Q

what is deindividuation

A

change in individual behavior while in a group setting

  • increased anonymity
  • decreased personal identity
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8
Q

what is antinormative behavior

A

behavior against the norm/normal self that is exhibited while in groups that provide high levels of anonymity, heightened while in uniform or masks

ex: violent riots

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9
Q

what is the bystander effect

A

a diffusion of responsibility, decreased responsiveness, less attention while in a crowd
—> the large the crowd, the less likely people are to notice a danger, recognize it as a threat, and help a victim

HELPING VICTIMS IN DANGER

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10
Q

what is social loafing

A

tendency to put in less effort when in a group setting than as an individual

HELPING WITH TASKS/PROBLEMS

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11
Q

how do sociologists define peers

A

individuals who are equal in a group

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12
Q

what is peer pressure

A

social influence exerted on an individual by a group of their peers d/t identity shift effect

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13
Q

what is identity shift effect

A

mechanism of peer pressure

breaking from normal character and conforming to a group in order to avoid social rejection –> results in internal conflict –> RESOLVED by accepting group standards as your own

shift personal standards so normal character realigns with group character

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14
Q

when does cognitive dissonance occur

A

when actions are out of line with personal beliefs

results in internal conflict which forces individual to change either actions or beliefs to minimize dissonance

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15
Q

what is social interaction

A

how individuals shape each others behaviors when in a group

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16
Q

what occurs during group polarization

A

group ideas are more extreme than the individual ideas of the members within that group

group makes more extreme (whether risky or cautious) decisions than the individuals would on their own

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17
Q

what is choice shift

A

mechanism behind group polarization

individuals collective shift toward a more extreme opinion/decision when in a group

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18
Q

what is groupthink

A

phenomenon in which the desire for

  • -> harmony, conformity, and minimal conflict causes a group to
  • -> disregard independent critical thinking and outside opinions,
  • -> resulting in very poor group decisions and actions
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19
Q

what are the eight factors of groupthink

A
  • illusion of invulnerability
  • collective rationalization
  • illusion of morality
  • excessive stereotyping
  • pressure for conformity
  • self-censorship
  • illusion of unanimity
  • mindgaurds
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20
Q

what is the illusion of invulnerability

A

GROUPTHINK

- enhanced optimism and encouragement of risk taking

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21
Q

what is collective rationalization

A

GROUPTHINK

- ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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22
Q

what is the illusion of morality

A

GROUPTHINK

- belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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23
Q

what is excessive stereotyping

A

GROUPTHINK

- construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

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24
Q

what is self-censorship

A

GROUPTHINK

- withholding of opposing views

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25
what is illusion of unanimity
GROUPTHINK | - false sense of agreement within the group
26
what are mindgaurds
GROUPTHINK | - members of a group who actively protect the group against opposing views
27
what are fads
behavior that is transiently popular and desirable in a community - having an object (pet rocks, rubiks cubes) - certain behaviors (clothing, viral videos, catchphrases)
28
what is mass hysteria
a shared, intense concern over threats to society
29
what is cultural assimilation
process by which an individual or group's behavior and culture begin to align with another, or merge into an UNEVEN blend diversity begins to dim and meld, contrasting with multiculturalism
30
what are ethnic enclaves
locations of high concentrations of one specific ethnicity, can slow cultural assimilation ex: chinatown, little Italy
31
what is multiculturalism
celebration and respect of coexisting cultures within a larger community/society diversity is enhanced and accepted, contrasting with assimilation
32
what are subcultures
groups who distinguish themselves from a primary/majority culture they are a part of
33
what are countercultures
subcultures with an identity at odds with majority culture, often directly opposing majority social mores
34
what is socialization
process by which individuals develop, inherit, and spread norms, customs and beliefs process of learning acceptable behavior within a society
35
what is cultural transmission/learning
manner in which members of a society are socialized
36
what is cultural diffusion
spread of norms, customs, and beliefs through a culture
37
what is primary socialization
- childhood learning, especially from parents/close adults - acceptable actions and attitudes - foundation of personal opinions
38
what is secondary socialization
- outside of home | - appropriate behavior in specific environments
39
what is anticipatory socialization
process of preparing for future changes in occupation, living situation, environment ex living together in anticipation of marriage
40
what is resocialization
process by which one discards their old behaviors in favor of a new one military, cults
41
what are social norms
societal rules that define acceptable behaviors
42
what are social mores
WIDELY observed social norms more widespread than folkways
43
what is social control
ways in which behavior of individuals and groups within a society is regulated ex: social norms, sanctions
44
where are sanctions
method enforcing of social control, can be formal or informal negative - punishment for violating social norms positive - reward for embracing social norms
45
what are folkways
behavior that is considered appropriate and polite in very specific societies
46
what is popculture
culture established by trends communicated through the media
47
what is deviance
violation of social norms, can range in seriousness and sanctions
48
what is social stigma
extreme disapproval of individuals/group with perceived difference from society
49
what is labeling theory
labels given to other people affect how individuals view them but also how they view themselves
50
what is differential association theory
deviance is learned through interactions with others exposure to deviance in others, especially when numerous or intense, develops eventual self-deviance
51
what is strain theory
when societal goals can not be accomplished through societal norms, individuals act deviant and work around norm to accomplish goal
52
what is conformity/majority influence
matching attitude, belief, or behavior to societal norms several types of conformity: normative, internalization, identification
53
what is normative conformity
conformity to a group due to fear of rejection
54
what is internalization
conformity of behavior AND conformity of belief to a group
55
what is identification
conformity of behavior WITHOUT conformity of belief to a group
56
what is compliance
a change in behavior of an individual based on a direct request by an individual or group WITHOUT actual authority
57
what is the foot-in-the-door technique
method of compliance in which a small request is made, then followed with a large request after it has been met
58
what is the door-in-the-face technique
method of compliance in which a large request is made, then followed with a small request after it has been rejected
59
what is the lowball technique
method of compliance in which a request for commitment is made without the individual knowing the full scope of the commitment
60
what is the that's-not-all technique
method of compliance in which a request/deal is made, and then the deal in enhanced before the individual commits ex: infomercials
61
what is obedience
compliance to requests made by and individual/group WITH authority
62
what is social cognition
how people think of others and how those beliefs affect personal behavior
63
what is an attitude
expression of feelings toward something else
64
what are the components of attitude
affective - EMOTIONAL component of how an individual feels towards something behavioral - how an individual acts towards something cognitive - how a personal thinks about something
65
what is the functional attitudes theory
attitudes sever functions - knowledge - ego expression - adaptation - ego defense
66
what is the knowledge function of attitude
attitude provides organization to thoughts and experiences, helps to make predictions
67
what is the ego expressive function of attitude
attitude allows us to communicate and solidify our self identity
68
what is the adaptive function of attitude
having attitudes that are socially acceptable will gain you acceptance by certain groups
69
what is the ego defensive function of attitude
attitude protects self esteem and justifies actions
70
what is learning theory
attitude is developed through different forms of learning
71
what is the elaboration likelihood model
how you process persuasive information occurs on a spectrum with the extremes being deep scrutinization of information and acceptance of superficial information
72
what is central route processing
deep scrutinization and critical thinking over persuasive information
73
what is peripheral route processing
processing superficial aspects of persuasive information, like slogans and appearances
74
what is social cognitive theory
behavior and attitude of individuals is shaped by that of others

Kaplan Behavioral Science (9 decks)

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