Ch. 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

purpose or driving force behind actions

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

when an external force drives actions

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

when an internal force drives actions

Question 4

instinct

Answer 4

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 5

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 5

evolutionarily programmed instincts drive behavior

Question 6

arousal theory of motivation

Answer 6

maintaining an optimum level of arousal drives behavior

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance

performance is optimal at some intermediate level of arousal

Question 8

lower levels of arousal produce optimal performance for what kinds of tasks

Answer 8

highly cognitive

Question 9

higher levels of arousal produce optimal performance for what kinds of tasks

Answer 9

physical endurance/stamina tasks or very simple tasks

Question 10

drive

Answer 10

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 11

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 11

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 12

primary drives

Answer 12

motivators for homeostasis maintenance

need for food, water, warmth…

Question 13

what sort of feedback regulates homeostasis

Answer 13

negative feedback

Question 14

secondary drives

Answer 14

motivators to fulfill “learned” desires

Question 15

needs

Answer 15

motivators that influence human behavior

Question 16

need based theory of motivation

Answer 16

behavior driven by which needs are most important to meet according to the hierarchy of needs

Question 17

self determination theory

Answer 17

three needs must be met to develop healthy relationships with self and others

• autonomy (in control of oneself)
• competence (complete and excel at tasks)
• relatedness (feeling wanted and accepted)

Question 18

incentive theory

Answer 18

behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 19

expectanc-value theory

Answer 19

amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of expectation of success and value of success

Question 20

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 20

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 21

opponent-process theory

Answer 21

the body counteracts the effects of drugs by changing physiology (depressants lead to increased arousal) which often last longer than the initial high, leading to withdrawal

explains drug tolerance and continuous drug use

Question 22

emotion

Answer 22

natural instinctive state of mind derived from circumstances, mood, or relationship with others

Question 23

what are the three elements of emotion

Answer 23

1. physiological response - nervous system stimulation
2. behavioral response - facial expression
3. cognitive response - determination of the emotion

Question 24

what are the universal emotions

Answer 24

happiness
sadness
contempt
surprise
fear
disgust
anger

Question 25

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 25

stimulus --> physiological arousal --> labeled emotion

Question 26

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 26

stimulus --> labeled emotion + physiological arousal --> behavior

Question 27

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 27

stimulus --> physiological arousal + cognitive appraisal --> labeled emotion

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

set of brain structures that play a large role in motivation and emotion

Question 29

role of the amygdala

Answer 29

processes the environment and detects external cues to produce emotion

Question 30

role of the thalamus

Answer 30

preliminary sensory processing

Question 31

role of the hypothalamus

Answer 31

synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters

Question 32

role of the hippocampus

Answer 32

creates long term memories based on emotions

Question 33

emotional memory

Answer 33

division of the implicit memory that stores expressions of past emotions *how previous memories felt, not why*

Question 34

role of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, making decisions

Question 35

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 35

attention and cognition

Question 36

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

connects regions of the brain

Question 37

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 37

decision-making and controlling emotional response

Question 38

stress

Answer 38

multi-faceted response to challenging events

Question 39

cognitive appraisal

Answer 39

subjective evaluation of the situation that induces stresss

Question 40

primary appraisal

Answer 40

initial evaluation of stressful environment and associated threat stage two initiated if deemed a threat

Question 41

secondary appraisal

Answer 41

``` evaluation of - harm (damage of current event) - threat (potential for future damage) - challenge (potential to overcome) AND one's ability to cope ```

Question 42

reappraisal

Answer 42

ongoing monitoring of a situation

Question 43

stressors

Answer 43

situations that lead to a stress response

Question 44

distress

Answer 44

occurs with unpleasant stressors

Question 45

eustress

Answer 45

result of positive conditions

Question 46

social readjustment rating scale

Answer 46

scale of "life changing units" that measures stress

Question 47

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 47

sequence of physiological responses to stress

Question 48

alarm stage

Answer 48

initial reaction to a stressor and activation of sympathetic nervous system (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Question 49

resistance stage

Answer 49

release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged and fight the stressor

Question 50

exhaustion stage

Answer 50

body can no longer maintained elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity become more susceptible to illness