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Kaplan Behavioral Science > Ch. 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Ch. 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of cognition

A

how our brains process and react to information

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2
Q

a majority of cognition functions are controlled by what section of the brain

A

the frontal lobe

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3
Q

dual-coding theory

A

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information ion our brains

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4
Q

information processing model

A
  1. thinking requires sensing, encoding, and storing stimuli
  2. stimuli must be analyzed in the brain to influence decision making
  3. decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated to future situations
  4. problem solving is dependent on cognition as well as context and complexity
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5
Q

Jean Piaget influenced what subsection of psychology

A

developmental psychology

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6
Q

order of piaget’s stages

A

sensorimotor, per operational, concrete operational, formal operational

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7
Q

schema

A

organized patterns of behavior

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8
Q

adaptation

A

how new information is processed

  1. assimilation
  2. accommodation
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9
Q

assimilation

A

adding new information to existing schemata (straightforward)

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10
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of existing schemata to allow for new information (adjustment of a larger framework)

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11
Q

sensorimotor stage

A
  • birth to 2 years

- manipulating physical environments

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12
Q

primary circular reactions

A

repetition of a BODY MOVEMENT that occurred by chance (thumb sucking)

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13
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

repetition of FOCUSED MANIPULATION the occurs outside of the body (throwing toys)

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14
Q

object permanence signifies then end of what stage of development

A

the sensorimotor stage

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15
Q

object permanence

A

understanding that objects exist when out of view

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16
Q

representational thought

A

mental images of external objects/events

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17
Q

preoperational stage

A
  • 2 years to 7 years

- symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

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18
Q

symbolic thinking

A

playing pretend, having imagination

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19
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels

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20
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation.

quantity or quality but not both

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21
Q

concrete operational stage

A
  • 7 years to 11 years

- engaging in logical but not abstract thought

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22
Q

formal operational stage

A
  • 11+ years

- abstract thought

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23
Q

fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving skills

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24
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

learned skills and knowledge

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25
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

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26
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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27
Q

algorithm

A

formula or procedure for solving a type of problem

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28
Q

deductive (top-down) reasoning

A

starts with a set of rules and draws conclusion from information given

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29
Q

inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

A

creates bigger theories from information given

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30
Q

heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions; a rule of thumb

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31
Q

availability heuristic

A

how easily something can be imagined is used to determine how likely something is to actually occur

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32
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

categorizing items on the basis prototypical or stereotypical factors

assuming something that was likely in the past is likely in the future

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33
Q

discomfirmation principle

A

evidence obtained in testing demonstrates that a solution does not work

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34
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits and individual’s beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them

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35
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to interpret’s one beliefs/knowledge/decisions as infallible

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36
Q

belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a held belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

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37
Q

intuition

A

acting on perceptions that may or may not be supported by available evidence

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38
Q

recognition-primed decision model

A

sorting through a wide variety of prior-knowledge in order to match with current situation

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39
Q

multiple intelligences

A

intelligence in the summation of seven subcategories

  • linguistic
  • logical/mathematical
  • musical
  • visual-spatial
  • bodily-kinesthetic
  • interpersonal
  • intrapersonal
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40
Q

original formula for calculating IQ

A

[mental age / chronological age] x100

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41
Q

consciousness

A

one’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within it

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42
Q

alertness

A

state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think

43
Q

alertness is maintained by what area of the brain

A

prefrontal cortex communicating with the reticular formation

44
Q

the four characteristic EEG patterns correlated with waking and sleeping

A

betal, alpha, theta, delta

45
Q

beta waves

A

awake, alert and working on a task

46
Q

alpha waves

A

awake and relaxing with eyes closed

47
Q

theta waves

A

stage 1 of sleep, irregular waveforms and stage 2 of sleep, sleep spindles and K complexes

48
Q

stages of NREM sleep

A

stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4

49
Q

slow-wave sleep occurs during which stages

A

stage 3 and 4

50
Q

delta waves

A

stage 3 and 4

51
Q

when does REM sleep occur

A

between NREM stages

52
Q

why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep

A

because despite being asleep and paralyzed your HR, breathing and EEG mimic wakefulness

53
Q

sleep cycle

A

progression through various sleep stages, lasting 50 min in children and 90 min in adults

54
Q

circadian rhythms

A

control daily cycle of waking and sleeping via biochemical signals

55
Q

melatonin

A

serotonin-derived hormone from the pineal gland that is often released with decreasing light and stimulates sleepiness

56
Q

cortisol

A

steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that is released with increased light and stimulates wakefulness

57
Q

pathway from increased light to cortisol release

A

increased light –> corticotropin releasing factor released from hypothalamus –> adrenocorticotropic hormone released from anterior pituitary –> cortisol released

58
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry that mimics sensory activity and is synthesized with stored memories/emotions

59
Q

problem-solving dream theory

A

dreams are a way to solve problems untethered from the obstacles of the real world

60
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness

61
Q

neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

correlates subjective, cognitive aspects of dreams with physiological changes experienced while dreaming

62
Q

dyssomnias

A

sleep disorders experienced with sleep (falling asleep, staying asleep, avoiding sleep)

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

63
Q

parasomnias

A

sleep disorders abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

night terrors, sleep walking

64
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling of staying asleep

65
Q

narcolepsy

A

lack of voluntary control (muscle and REM) over onset of sleep

66
Q

sleep paralysis

A

sensation of being unable to move although awake

67
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when going to sleep

68
Q

hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when waking up

69
Q

sleep apnea

A

inability to breathe during sleep

70
Q

what effect does alcohol have on the GABA receptor

A

alcohol increases the activity of the GABA acceptor –> causing increased hyper polarization of the membrane –> resulting in generalized brain inhibition and diminished arousal

71
Q

role of the GABA receptor

A

a chloride channel that causes hyper polarization of the membrane

72
Q

alcohol myopia

A

short-sighted decision making d/t drinking

73
Q

barbiturates

A

anxiety-reducing and sleep medications

74
Q

benzodiazepines

A

anxiety-reducing and sleep medications, less prone to addiction then barbiturates

75
Q

how do amphetamines stimulate the nervous system

A

increase arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their reuptake

76
Q

how does cocaine stimulate the nervous system

A

increases arousal by decreasing reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

77
Q

how does ecstasy stimulate the nervous system

A

increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their reuptake

similar to amphetamines

78
Q

how do opiates and opioids affect the nervous system

A

compounds bind to opioid receptors in the PNS and CNS

79
Q

what effect do opiates/opioids have on the nervous system

A

decrease sensation to pain and cause sensation of euphoria

80
Q

what pathway is drug addiction linked to

A

mesolimbic reward pathway

81
Q

what structures are included in the mesolimbic reward pathway

A
  • nucleus accumbent (NAc)
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
82
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli

acts as a “filter” by filtering out other stimuli

83
Q

divided attention

A

focusing on multiple parts of the sensorium at once…multitasking

84
Q

what type of processing is required for new or complex tasks

A

controlled (effortful) processing

85
Q

what type of processing in required for familiar tasks

A

automatic processing

86
Q

phonemes

A

speech sounds

87
Q

morphemes

A

structural components of words

88
Q

semantics

A

association of meaning with a word

89
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

90
Q

pragmatics

A

dependence of language on content and pre-existing knowledge

91
Q

language acquisition device

A

theoretical pathway in the brain that allows children to master language during a sensitive period

92
Q

Nativist/Biological theory view on language acquisition

A

we have an innate capacity for grammar

93
Q

Learning/Behaviorist theory view on language acquisition

A

language learned through operant conditioning with parental/societal reinforcement

94
Q

Social Interactionist theory view on language acquisition

A

language development is driven by a desire to interact in a social manner

95
Q

Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

our perception of reality is determined by the content of our native language

96
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

difficulty in producing speech, knowing words and not being able to say them, “on the tip of your tongue”

97
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

difficulty in comprehending speech, speaking nonsensically

98
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

bundle of axons that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area allowing for association between language comprehension and speech production

99
Q

conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat what has been said d/t disconnect between speech comprehension and production

100
Q

night terrors

A

intense anxiety occurring during sleep, likely without waking the person

101
Q

sleepwalking

A

periods of intense movement occurring during sleep, likely without waking the person

102
Q

during what stages of the sleep cycle do night terrors and sleep walking occur

A

stages 3 and 4; slow wave sleep

103
Q

REM rebound

A

earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep following periods of sleep deprivation

104
Q

hypnosis

A

a state in which the person appears to be in control of their normal functions but is in a highly suggestible state

Kaplan Behavioral Science (9 decks)

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