Ch. 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards
1
Q
self-concept
A
who YOU think you are –> sum of all identities
2
Q
self-schema
A
self-given labels with certain associated qualities
3
Q
identity
A
individual components that build larger self-concept
4
Q
gender identity
A
appraisal of self on scales of masculinity and femininity
not extremes on one scale, but two separate scales
5
Q
androgyny
A
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
6
Q
undifferentiation
A
state of being simultaneously not very masculine and not very feminine (low scores both scales)
7
Q
gender schema
A
key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and social means
8
Q
ethnic identity
A
belonging to an ethnic group with shared ancestry, heritage, and language
9
Q
nationality
A
identity based on political boarders (history, media, cuisine, national symbols) rather than ethnicity or citizenship
10
Q
hierarchy of salience
A
internal organization of various identities that allows for the current situation to determine which identity will dominate in a given movement
higher salience = higher conformity to role expectations
11
Q
self-discrepancy theory
A
we have three selves
- actual self = who we think we really are in the moment
- ideal self = who we would like ourselves to be
- ought self = how others think we should be
12
Q
what determines high self esteem according to self-discrepancy theory
A
the closer our three “selves” are to one another; who we think we are, who we want to be; and who others want us to be are very similar
13
Q
what does self-esteem measure
A
how we feel about ourselves; low = highly critical of self
14
Q
what does self-efficacy measure
A
our belief in our ability to succeed; can be dependent on activity
15
Q
overconfidence
A
unwise inflation of self-efficacy; will take on tasks you are unprepared for
16
Q
learned helplessness
A
phenomenon in which you believe you do not have control over your current suffering/performance due to lack of control over previous suffering/performance
17
Q
locus of control
A
how we characterize influence and power in our lives
18
Q
internal locus of control
A
view current and future outcomes as a result of your own actions
19
Q
external locus of control
A
view current and future outcomes as a result randomness or the of the actions of others
20
Q
according to freud, psychology is deeply linked with what other trait
A
sexuality and libidinal energy
21
Q
fixation
A
occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development, eventually manifesting as neurosis in adulthood
22
Q
oral stage
A
- 0-1 year
- gratification obtained by biting/sucking/putting things in the mouth
- fixation results in dependency
23
Q
anal stage
A
- 0-3 years
- gratification obtained by elimination and retention of waste materials
- fixation results in orderliness or sloppiness
24
Q
phallic/oedipal stage
A
- 0-3 years
- tension d/t oedipal and electra conflict, gratification obtained by sublimating libidinal energy
25
latency stage
achieve with sublimating libidinal energy and lasts until puberty
26
genital stage
- begins with puberty and lasts through adulthood
- attain heteronormative sexual relationships
- if trauma is unresolved, exhibit homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism
27
what psychologist developed the stages of psychosocial development, centered on conflicts
erik erickson
28
trust vs mistrust
0-1 year
+ trust yourself and environment
- suspicion of the world
"can I trust the world?"
29
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1 - 3 years
+ internal locus, exercise choice and restraint
- doubt and external locus
"Is it okay to be me?"
30
initiative vs guilt
3 - 6 years
+ sense of purpose, initiate, and celebrate
- fear of punishment...restrictions or overcompensation
"Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?"
31
industry vs inferiority
6 - 12 years
+ feel competent, use talents for good, create desired change
- inadequacy, low self-esteem
"Can I make it in the world of people and things?"
32
identity vs role confusion
12 - 20 years
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
+ fidelity and sustained loyalty to a unique personality
- fluid and frequently shifting personality
"Who am I? Who can I be?"
33
intimacy vs isolation
20 - 40 years
+ love, intimate relationships, commit to personal and couple goals
- avoidance of commitment, withdraw, superficial relationships
"Can I love?"
34
generatively vs stagnation
40 - 65 years
+ productive, caring, contributing member of society
- self-indulged, bored, self-centered
"Can I make my life count?"
35
integrity vs despair
65+
+ wisdom, assurance of meaning of life, readiness for death
- bitterness, fear over death
"Is it okay to have been me?"
36
what psychologist developed a theory of personality development centered on capacity for moral reasoning
Lawrence Kholberg
37
preconventional morality stage
```
- preadolescence
#1 obedience: avoiding punishment
#2 self interest: gaining rewards, reciprocity
```
38
conventional morality stage
```
- adolescence to adulthood
#3 conformity: seeks approval of others
#4 law and order: maintains social order, thinks of society
```
39
post conventional morality stage
```
- some adults
# 5: social contract: moral rules ensure greater good
# 6: universal human ethics: consider abstract principles
```
40
how does one progress through freud's stages of development
meet new stage as time progresses. if last stage is not resolved, fixation develops, preventing normal heteronormative relationships
41
how does one progress through erickson's stages of development
meet new stage as time progresses and previous conflicts are resolved. previous conflict does not have to be mastered, but will prepare individual for next stage
42
how does one progress through kholberg's stages of development
stages are adopted and then abandoned as moral reasoning develops
43
zone of proximal development
skills and abilities that are currently being developed, but not yet mastered
requires help of a "more knowledgeable other"
44
role-taking
experimenting with identities, usually as a child playing house, school, or doctor
45
theory of mind
ability to sense how another person's mind processes things
46
looking glass self
awareness of how others perceive you
47
reference group
who your self-concept is compared to
48
personality
how we act and react to the world around us
49
identity vs personality
```
identity = who you are
personality = how you act
```
50
defining aspect of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories of personality
unconscious internal states motivate our overt actions
51
who developed the structure model of entities including the id, ego, and superego
sigmund freud
52
the id
- basic, primal, inborn urges
- pleasure principle: instant gratification and immediate tension release
* *PRIMARY PROCESS**
53
wish fulfillment
fantasies that satisfy the pleasure principle of the id
54
the ego
- moderates id by accounting for reality
- reality principle: postpone pleasure until it can be obtained
* *SECONDARY PROCESS**
55
the superego
- perfectionist, ideal self
| - rewards and punishments
56
what three categories of accessibility to the id, ego, and superego fall into
conscious (aware), preconscious (not yet aware), and unconscious (repressed)
57
what is Freud's definition of an instinct
innate physiological representation of a biological need
life instincts (survival) vs death instincts (destruction)
58
defense mechanisms
- eight mechanism that work to unconsciously to deny, falsify, distort reality
- relieve clash of ego and id
59
repression
unconscious forgetting
forces undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious
60
suppression
conscious form of forgetting
"i'm not going to think about that right now"
61
regression
reversion to earlier developmental state in the face of stress
62
reaction formation
reducing stress by unconsciously suppressing urges into their exact opposite emotion
inappropriate love --> hate
63
projection
attributing undesired feelings and emotions onto others
feelings that you have (and don't like) you assign to others
"someone else feel this way toward me" when actually its how you feel towards them
64
what psychoanalytic therapies examine projection
Rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test
65
rationalization
reframing and justifying behaviors in a way that is more acceptable to self/society
behavior remains the same, how you view it is distorted
66
displacement
transfer an undesired urge from one person to another
expressing an urge on a more suitable person/object
yelling at family and not your boss
67
sublimation
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
sexual urges --> drive for business
68
how did Carl Jung divide Freud's depiction of the mind
ego = conscious mind
| id + superego = unconscious mind (personal and collective)
69
collective unconscious
images and emotions shared among all humans as a residue of common experience and early ancestry
70
what are Jung's archetypes
emotional images of the collective conscious
71
person
archetype of the mask we wear in public, adaptive to situations
72
anima
a mans inner woman, explains emotional behavior
73
animus
a woman inner man, explains power-seeking behavior
74
shadow
unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
75
self
intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the conscious mind
strives for unity
76
what are the three dichotomies of personality
- extraversion (E) vs introversion (I)
- sensing (S) vs intuiting (N)
- thinking (T) vs feeling (F)
77
what personality test is rooted in Carl Jung's dichotomies
Meyer's Briggs Type Inventory
78
inferiority complex
Alfred Adler's theory that drive for superiority over inferiority drive the personality
79
creative self
HOW an individual shapes their unique personality
80
style of life
a manifestation of the creative self
| how environment allows a person to shape their personality
81
functional finalism
a person's imagined idea of perfection/superiority that shapes their goals more than objective understanding
82
basic anxiety
feelings of vulnerability and helplessness due to inadequate parenting, per Karen Horney's definition
83
basic hostility
feelings of anger due to neglect and rejection by parents, per Karen Horney's definition
84
defining aspect of humanistic/phenomenological theory
- individual-centered strive towards self-realization
| - conscious feelings for ourselves as we attempt to attain needs/goals
85
gestalt therapy
holistic view of self and viewing others as complete people
86
force field theory
current state of mind = sum of forces (influences) on an individual at one time
87
peak experiences
profound and moving experiences that shape an individual
88
type theorists
attempt to create taxonomy of personality types
89
trait theorists
describe individuals personality as sum of characteristic behaviors
90
PEN model
P - Psychoticism: nonconformity/social deviance
E - Extraversion: tolerant for interaction and stimulation
N - Neuroticism: emotional arousal in stressful situations
91
Big Five Traits
OCEAN
| openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
92
cardinal traits
traits around which a person organizes their life, may not develop in everyone
93
central traits
easily inferred personality characteristics
94
secondary traits
personality traits that are triggered in rare and specific situation
95
functional autonomy
the means to achieve a goal become a new goal in and of itself
96
behaviorist theory
personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time
97
social cognitive perspective
beyond behaviorism
how world shapes/conditions us and how we shape and act on the world
98
reciprocal determinism
thoughts, feelings, behaviors, environment all interact to determine our actions in a situation
99
biological perspective
personality is a result of genetic expression
