Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kaplan Behavioral Science > Ch. 7: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Personality Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does the biomedical approach classify psychological disorders

A

disorder is rooted in biomedical disturbances so solution should be of biomedical nature and work to reduce symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does the biopsychosocial approach classify psychological disorders

A

disorders have biological, psychological, and social components and require solutions that address all of these components via direct and indirect therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the DSM-5

A

compilation of many known psychological disorders organized by description of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, feelings that occur in addition to normal psychological behaviors

ex: hallucinations, disorganized thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are negative symptoms

A

the absence of normal psychological behaviors

ex: affects, avolition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the symptoms of as psychotic disorder

A

+ delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia
- various negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of disorder is schizophrenia

A

a psychotic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the symptoms of schizophrenia

A

continuous sx of a psychotic disorder lasting 6+ months with 1+ month of active sx

+ psychotic: delusions and hallucinations
+ disorder: disorganized behavior and thought
- affects, avolition, other negative sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are delusions

A

false beliefs that deviate from reality and are not shared by others in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Delusions of Reference

A

belief that elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (the TV is talking to you)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Delusions of Perception

A

belief person is being interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

belief that the person is remarkable in some way and believes that they are an important icon or great thinker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is thought broadcasting

A

a delusion in which a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to the external world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is thought insertion

A

a delusion in which a person believes other thoughts and ideas are being placed in their head by an outside source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are hallucinations

A

perceptions that SEEM real but are NOT due to actual external stimuli

ex auditory, visual, tactile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is disorganized thought

A

thought patterns that manifest by loosening of association

ideas shift from one idea from another so sharply that they are incompressible for a normal person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is disorganized behavior

A

inability to carry out the tasks of daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is catatonia

A

certain motor movements characterized by either spontaneous movement/activity or persistent rigid posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is echolalia

A

a form of disorganized behavior in which someone else’s words are repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is echopraxia

A

a form of disorganized behavior in which someone else’s actions are repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is an affect

A

experience and display of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a blunted affect

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a flat affect

A

virtually no signs of emotional expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is an inappropriate affect

A

emotional expression is obviously deviated from content of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens during the prodromal phase

A

a phase of poor adjustment that a patient usually goes through prior to being diagnosed with schizophrenia

  • deterioration, social withdrawal, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what kind of disorder is major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what qualifies as a major depressive episode

A

2+ weeks with 5 of the following, 1 must be***:

  • ** prominent and persistent depressed mood
  • ** loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities
  • appetite disturbances
  • substantial weight changes
  • sleep disturbances
  • decreased energy
  • feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  • difficulty concentrating or thinking
  • psychomotor sx
  • thoughts of death or attempted suicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the sx of a major depressive episode (mnemonic)

A

SIG E. CAPS

Sadness +

  • Sleep
  • Interest
  • Guilt
  • Energy
  • Concentration
  • Appetite
  • Psychomotor sx
  • Suicidal thoughts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the sx of major depressive disorder

A

at least one major depressive episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the sx of a persistent depressive disorder

A

dysthymia: depressed mood that is not severe enough to meet the qualifications of a major depressive episode, but that lasts for an extended time, usually ~2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the sx of seasonal affective disorder

A

major depressive episode with a seasonal onset, typically the winter months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what type of disorder are bipolar disorders

A

mood disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the sx of bipolar disorders (I & II)

A

manic episodes followed by depressive episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what qualifies as a manic episode

A

+1 week of abnormal and persistent mood +3 of the following

  • increased distractibility
  • decreased need for sleep
  • inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • racing thoughts
  • increased goal-directed activity or agitation
  • pressure speech or increased talkativeness
  • high-risk behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the sx of a manic episode (mnemonic)

A

DIG FAST

  • distractible
  • insomnia
  • grandiosity
  • flight of ideas
  • agitation
  • speech (pressured)
  • thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
37
Q

what episodes characterize bipolar I disorder

A

manic episodes with OR without major depressive episodes

38
Q

what episodes characterize bipolar II disorder

A

hypomania (instead of manic episodes) at least one major depressive episode

39
Q

what are the sx of hypomania

A

mild manic episodes that do not significantly impair functioning or have psychotic features

40
Q

what are the sx of cyclothymic disorder

A

periods of hypomanic episodes and dysthymia

sx are not severe enough to be categorized as manic or major depressive episodes

41
Q

what neurotransmitters are thought to be responsible for mood disorders

A

norepinephrine & serotonin —> monoamine/catecholamine theory

high levels = mania
low levels = depression

42
Q

what are the sx of generalized anxiety disorder

A

6+ months of disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things

often physical sx accompany worrying

43
Q

what type of disorder is a phobia

A

an anxiety disorder

44
Q

what are the sx of a specific phobia

A

irrational fear of a specific object/situation that results in a compelling avoidance

45
Q

what are the sx of social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to various social situations

46
Q

what are the sx of agoraphobia

A

fear of being in inescapable situations (panic attack or exacerbation of other illness) which typically results in a fear of leaving your home

47
Q

what are the sx of panic disorder

A

repeated panic attacks, episodes of a sense of impending doom

more acute than generalized anxiety, can lead to agoraphobia

48
Q

what are the sx of obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

obsessions - persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses which cause tension
compulsions - repetitive tasks which relieve tension

49
Q

what are the sx of body dymorphic disorder

A

unrealistic, negative perception of actually normal body parts

results in extreme interventions, surgery, disruption of day-to-day life

50
Q

what type of disorder is body dymorphic disorder

A

an obsessive-compulsive related disorder

51
Q

what are the sx of PTSD

A

1+ month of intrusion, avoidance, negative cognition, and arousal following a traumatic event

ARe Not Avoiding It –> ARousal, Negative cognition, AVOIDance, InTrusion

52
Q

what are intrusion symptoms of PTSD

A

recurrent reliving of the event thought flashbacks, nightmares, and distress

53
Q

what are avoidance symptoms of PTSD

A

deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with trauma

54
Q

what are negative cognitive symptoms of PTSD

A

inability to recall key features of a traumatic event, negative mood or emotions, distance from others, and a persistent negative view of the world

55
Q

what are arousal sx of PTSD

A

increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive/reckless behavior, sleep disturbances

56
Q

what is acute stress disorder

A

sx of PTSD lasting more than three days but less than one month

57
Q

what characterizes dissociative disorders (overall)

A

person attempts to avoid stress by escaping from their identity with an otherwise intact sense of reality

58
Q

what are the sx of dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences, often following PSYCHOLOGICAL (not neurological) trauma

59
Q

what occurs during a dissociative fugue

A
  • sudden, unexpected moves away from home
  • purposeless wandering away from home
  • deep confusion over identity, sometimes assuming new identities
60
Q

what are the sx of dissociative identity disorder

A
  • formerly multiple personality disorder*
  • components of identity fail to integrate and behavior is dominated by 2+ distinct personalities
  • usually after severe trauma as a child
61
Q

what are the sx of depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

depersonalization - feeling detached from mind and body

derealization - feeling detached from surroundings

62
Q

what characterizes somatic symptom and related disorders (overall)

A

bodily symptoms that cause significant stress or impairment

63
Q

what are the sx of somatic symptom disorder

A

individuals HAVE 1+ somatic symptom (possibly linked to underlying medical condition) which causes disproportionate stress

64
Q

what are the sx of illness anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate stress over developing a medical condition that they don’t currently have

65
Q

what are the sx of conversion disorder

A
  • symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions WITHOUT actual neurologic impairment (paralysis, blindness)
  • usually following stress or trauma
66
Q

what characterizes an ego-syntonic personality disorder

A

the person perceives behavior as correct and in alignment with their goals

67
Q

what characterizes an ego-dystonic personality disorder

A

the person perceives behavior as an illness and intrusive/bothersome

68
Q

what characterizes Cluster A personality disorders

A
  • paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality

- behavior is labeled odd/eccentric

69
Q

what are the sx of paranoid personality disorder

A

pervasive distrust and suspicion over others

may be in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia

70
Q

what are the sx of schizotypal personality disorder

A

odd/eccentric thinking, NOT as extreme as schizophrenia

ideas of reference - less extreme than delusions of reference
magical thinking - superstitious/clairvoyance

71
Q

what are the sx of schizoid personality disorder

A

detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotions, little desire for social interactions

72
Q

what characterizes Cluster B personality disorders

A
  • antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

- behavior labeled dramatic, emotional or erratic

73
Q

what are the sx of antisocial personality disorder

A
  • disregard for and violation of the rights of others

- repeated illegal acts, aggressiveness, and lack of remorse

74
Q

what are the sx of borderline personality disorder

A
  • pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image
  • identity/self-image disturbance and uncertainty
  • fear of abandonment
75
Q

what occurs during splitting

A

persons with borderline personality disorder view others as all-good or all-bad as a defense mechanism to their deep uncertainty and instability

76
Q

what are the sx of histrionic personality disorder

A

constant and excessive attention-seeking behavior

77
Q

what are the sx of narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness
  • fantasies of success
  • need for admiration/attention
  • entitlement affects interpersonal relationships
78
Q

what characterizes Cluster C personality disorders

A
  • avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality

- behavior is labeled as anxious and fearful

79
Q

what are the sx or avoidant personality disorder

A
  • extreme shyness and fear of rejection

- self-perception as socially inept/isolated despite wanting to change

80
Q

what are the sx of dependent personality disorder

A
  • continuous need for reassurance and dependence of select people to take action and make decisions
81
Q

what are the sx of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A
  • inflexible perfectionism with love of rules and order

- lifelong and ego-syntonic

82
Q

what neurotransmitters are thought to be responsible for schizophrenia

A

increased dopamine

83
Q

what is the effect of neuroleptics

A

block dopamine receptors

side effect = sedation

84
Q

what are the biological markers of depression

A
  • high glucose metabolism in the amygdala
  • hippocampal atrophy after a long illness
  • abnormally high glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • decrease norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
85
Q

what are the biological markers of bipolar disorder

A
  • increased norepinephrine and serotonin
  • genetics (parents)
  • multiple sclerosis
86
Q

what are the biological markers of Alzheimer’s

A
  • diffuse atrophy of the brain
  • flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex
  • enlarged cerebral ventricles
  • deficient blood flow in parietal lobes
  • reduction in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase
  • reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
  • senile plaques of the beta-amyloid
  • neurofibrillary tangles
87
Q

what are the sx of parkinson’s disease

A
  • bradykinesia (slow body movements)
  • resting tremor
  • pill rolling tremor
  • masklike facies (expressionless face and open mouth)
  • cogwheel rigidity
  • shuffling gait with stooped posture

possible dementia or depression

88
Q

what are the biological markers of parkinson’s disease

A
  • decreased dopamine production in the substantial nigra, resulting in improper functioning of the basal ganglia

Kaplan Behavioral Science (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions