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BIO 111 > ch. 8 photosynthesis > Flashcards

ch. 8 photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

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2
Q

what specialized leaf tissues tend to be abundant with chloroplasts?

A

parenchyma and mesophyll

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3
Q

what organisms carry out oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

cyanobacteria, 7 groups of algae, and plants

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4
Q

what organisms carry out non-oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

some bacteria

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5
Q

photosynthesis involves what two types of reactions?

A

light dependent and light independent (calvin cycle)

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6
Q

light dependent reactions capture ______ to make ___ and _____.

A

light energy, ATP, NADPH

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7
Q

light independent reactions use energy from ____ and _____ to synthesize_______from__________.

A

ATP, NADPH, glucose, CO2

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8
Q

where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

where do light independent reactions take place?

A

stroma

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10
Q

what do the products of LD do for LI reactions?

A

they feed them

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11
Q

what do thylakoids contain?

A

chlorophyll a and accessory pigments

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12
Q

what is the grana?

A

stacks of thylakoids

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13
Q

what is the stroma?

A

semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoids

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14
Q

what is a photon?

A

a discrete packet of light energy

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15
Q

in a photon, what is the relationship between wavelengths and energy?

A

inverse relationship

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16
Q

what is the photoelectric effect?

A

removal of an electron from a molecule by light energy

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17
Q

when does the photoelectric effect occur?

A

when photons sufficiently energize electrons

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18
Q

what are pigments?

A

molecules that absorb light

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19
Q

what does each pigment have?

A

a characteristic absorption spectrum

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20
Q

what is an absorption spectrum?

A

the range and efficiency of photon absorbance

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21
Q

what is chlorophyll a?

A

the primary photosynthetic pigment in plants and cyanobacteria

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22
Q

what colors of light does chlorophyll a absorb and what color does it appear?

A

absorbs violet-blue and red light, appears yellow-green

23
Q

what colors of light does chlorophyll b absorb and what color does it appear?

A

absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb well; appears blue-green

24
Q

what is chlorophyll b?

A

secondary or accessory pigment

25
Q

what is the porphyrin ring?

A

a chlorophyll pigment that is a ring with alternating double and single bonds, with Mg at the center

26
Q

what does a photo system consist of?

A
  1. an antenna complex of 100s of accessory pigment molecules
  2. a reaction center of one or more chlorophyll a molecules
27
Q

where is light energy from the antenna complex transferred and what does it cause?

A

chlorophyll a, causes an electron to become excited and then to be transferred to an adjacent electron acceptor molecule

28
Q

what does it mean for an electron to become excited?

A

boosted to a higher energy level

29
Q

what does water donate in oxygenic photosynthesis? What does it replace?

A

an oxygen; the oxygen lost from chlorophyll

30
Q

what are electrons returned to through an ETC? (LDR)

A

bacteriochlorophyll

31
Q

In some (non-oxygenic) bacteria, a single _________ is used in ________ _________.

A

photosystem; cyclic photophosphorylation

32
Q

what do light dependent reactions produce?

A

ATP and H2

33
Q

what three things do cells need to build carbohydrates?

A
  1. Energy (ATP molecules)
  2. Redox potential (NADPH molecules)
  3. Source of carbon (CO2 gas)
34
Q

how many molecules of CO2 must be fixed for every glucose molecule produced? (calvin cycle)

A

6

35
Q

how much will it cost to fix CO2 molecules for glucose production?

A

18 ATP and 12 NADPH

36
Q

_______ is not the immediate product of the Calvin cycle

A

glucose

37
Q

what is required to make glucose after the calvin cycle?

A

G3P

38
Q

for every 6 molecules of CO2 fixed, how many G3Ps leave the cycle?

A

2 (each contains 3 carbons)

39
Q

what is combined to eventually produce 1 glucose in the cytoplasm?

A

2 G3Ps

40
Q

during the calvin cycle, how much chemical energy is needed to produce a single glucose?

A

18 ATP and 12 NADPH

41
Q

what are the 2 enzymatic activities of rubisco?

A

Carboxylation and Photorespiration

42
Q

what is carboxylation?

A

the addition of CO2 to RuBP (favored under normal conditions)

43
Q

what is photorespiration?

A

the oxidation of RuBP by O2

44
Q

when is Photorespiration favored?

A

in hot conditions

45
Q

what does Photorespiration cause the loss of?

A

CO2

46
Q

when is Carboxylation favored?

A

under normal conditiions

47
Q

what two molecules compete for the active site on the Rubisco enzyme?

A

CO2 and O2

48
Q

why do stomata close at night?

A

to conserve moisture

49
Q

why might stomata close in the day under hot, dry conditions?

A

to conserve moisture

50
Q

how do C4 plants avoid photorespiration?

A

by fixing CO2 in a mesophyll cell and then releasing it in a bundle sheath cell where the Calvin Cycle is operational

51
Q

what are CAM plants?

A

plants where the stomata open only at night

52
Q

why are CAM plants stomata open only at night?

A

cool, moist conditions prevent excessive water loss but still allow CO2 uptake

53
Q

what happens in photorespiration of CAM plants?

A

-PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to produce a 4 carbon malate molecule (carbon fixation only at night).
-malate releases CO2 during the day when stomata are closed to conserve moisture.
-CO2 is then used by Rubisco in the Calvin cycle (Calvin Cycle during day).

54
Q

what is an example of a CAM plant?

A

a pineapple

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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