ch. 3 biological macromolecules

Question 1

what are macromolecules?

Answer 1

usually larger molecules constructed from smaller subunits

Question 2

what is a monomer?

Answer 2

a single subunit

Question 3

what is a polymer?

Answer 3

many units

Question 4

what are anabolic reactions?

Answer 4

they take simpler molecules and build bigger ones; usually requires energy; “build things up”

Question 5

what are catabolic reactions?

Answer 5

They break down complex molecules into simpler ones; usually release energy

Question 6

what is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 6

the formation of bonds by production of water (opposite of hydrolysis) (requires OH- and H+)

Question 7

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 7

the breaking of bonds by the addition of water (opposite of dehydration synthesis) (complex molecules broken down)

Question 8

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 8

sugars; structural and energy storage

Question 9

what are lipids?

Answer 9

fats, oils, cell membranes, energy storage

Question 10

what are proteins?

Answer 10

coded for by DNA, carry out most cellular functions

Question 11

what are nucleic acids?

Answer 11

dna and rna; code for proteins

Question 12

what is the ratio of C:H:O in carbohydrates?

Answer 12

1:2:1

Question 13

if it ends in -one, it is a ____

Answer 13

sugar

Question 14

what are CHOs good for?

Answer 14

energy storage and transfer

Question 15

what is glucose?

Answer 15

monosaccharides; important for intracellular energy storage and respiration

Question 16

what is fructose?

Answer 16

a structural isomer of glucose

Question 17

what is galactose?

Answer 17

a structural stereoisomer of glucose

Question 18

sugars are typically in what structure?

Answer 18

a ring structure

Question 19

sucrose =

Answer 19

glucose + fructose

Question 20

what are disaccharides?

Answer 20

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

Question 21

What are disaccharides used for?

Answer 21

sugar transport or energy storage (esp. in plants)

Question 22

what are sucrose, lactose, and maltose examples of?

Answer 22

disaccharides

Question 23

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 23

long polymers of sugars

Question 24

what are polysaccharides used for?

Answer 24

long term energy storage

Question 25

what is the common polysaccharide found in most plants?

Answer 25

starch

Question 26

what is the common polysaccharide found in most animals?

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

what polysaccharide is used in some plants for structural support?

Answer 27

cellulose

Question 28

what polysaccharide is used in some animals for structural support?

Answer 28

chitin

Question 29

humans store 20 to 30 min worth of energy from what?

Answer 29

glycogen

Question 30

What polysaccharide do we need to first use up in order to start losing weight?

Answer 30

glycogen

Question 31

are lipids soluble or insoluble in water? why?

Answer 31

insoluble because they lack charge polarity

Question 32

what causes lipids to be hydrophobic?

Answer 32

a high proportion of non-polar C-H bonds

Question 33

What are the two main types of lipids?

Answer 33

fats and phospholipids

Question 34

what are triglycerides composed of?

Answer 34

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 35

what are fatty acids?

Answer 35

long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 36

What vitamins are lipid soluble?

Answer 36

A, D, E, and K

Question 37

What does it mean when a lipid is saturated?

Answer 37

it is saturated with hydrogen

Question 38

what makes a lipid unsaturated?

Answer 38

two hydrogens are missing and there is a double bond between two carbons

Question 39

what can happen to an unsaturated fat to make it saturated?

Answer 39

if the double bond between carbons is broken

Question 40

What is the function of triglycerides?

Answer 40

long-term energy storage

Question 41

What stores twice as much energy as CHOs?

Answer 41

triglycerides

Question 42

what are typically characteristics of animal fats at room temperature?

Answer 42

saturated and solid

Question 43

what are typically characteristics of plant fats at room temperature?

Answer 43

unsaturated and liquid

Question 44

what makes a lipid more liquid?

Answer 44

more double bonds

Question 45

when a lipid is more saturated, what effect does that have?

Answer 45

the lipid becomes more solid

Question 46

what does an unsaturated, C=C bind do to a fatty acid chain?

Answer 46

causes a kink in the chain

Question 47

what are phospholipids made of?

Answer 47

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Question 48

when do you produce cortisol?

Answer 48

when stressed

Question 49

what are proteins?

Answer 49

polymers of amino acids

Question 50

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 50

enzymes, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, cell metabolism, storage

Question 51

what is the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 51

central carbon atom surrounded by an amino group, carbonyl group, single hydrogen, and a variable “R” group

Question 52

how many different amino acids are there?

Answer 52

20

Question 53

in what ways can “R” groups differ?

Answer 53

polar, non-polar, positive, negative, charged, aromatic, special function, etc.

Question 54

what dictates the chemical properties of an amino acid?

Answer 54

structure of the R group

Question 55

how are amino acids linked?

Answer 55

dehydration synthesis (creates a peptide bond between them)

Question 56

what is a peptide?

Answer 56

a string of amino acids

Question 57

what is a primary structure?

Answer 57

sequence of amino acids

Question 58

what is a secondary structure?

Answer 58

interactions of groups in the peptide backbone (dictated by primary structure)

Question 59

what are alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets?

Answer 59

motifs; secondary structures

Question 60

what are tertiary structures?

Answer 60

folded shape of a polypeptide chain

Question 61

in what structure do proteins typically find their functions?

Answer 61

tertiary

Question 62

what are quaternary structures?

Answer 62

interactions between polypeptide subunits (tertiary structures that did not already find their purpose)

Question 63

what are motifs?

Answer 63

common elements of secondary structures seen in many polypeptides

Question 64

what are domains?

Answer 64

the functional regions of a polypeptide

Question 65

what happens when a protein denatures?

Answer 65

the shape of the protein changes, usually causing loss of function (may involve complete unfolding; caused by things like pH and temp)