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BIO 111 > ch. 3 biological macromolecules > Flashcards

ch. 3 biological macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

usually larger molecules constructed from smaller subunits

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2
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a single subunit

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3
Q

what is a polymer?

A

many units

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4
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

they take simpler molecules and build bigger ones; usually requires energy; “build things up”

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5
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

They break down complex molecules into simpler ones; usually release energy

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6
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

the formation of bonds by production of water (opposite of hydrolysis) (requires OH- and H+)

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7
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

the breaking of bonds by the addition of water (opposite of dehydration synthesis) (complex molecules broken down)

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

sugars; structural and energy storage

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9
Q

what are lipids?

A

fats, oils, cell membranes, energy storage

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10
Q

what are proteins?

A

coded for by DNA, carry out most cellular functions

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11
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

dna and rna; code for proteins

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12
Q

what is the ratio of C:H:O in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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13
Q

if it ends in -one, it is a ____

A

sugar

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14
Q

what are CHOs good for?

A

energy storage and transfer

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15
Q

what is glucose?

A

monosaccharides; important for intracellular energy storage and respiration

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16
Q

what is fructose?

A

a structural isomer of glucose

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17
Q

what is galactose?

A

a structural stereoisomer of glucose

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18
Q

sugars are typically in what structure?

A

a ring structure

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19
Q

sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

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20
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

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21
Q

What are disaccharides used for?

A

sugar transport or energy storage (esp. in plants)

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22
Q

what are sucrose, lactose, and maltose examples of?

A

disaccharides

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23
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

long polymers of sugars

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24
Q

what are polysaccharides used for?

A

long term energy storage

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25
Q

what is the common polysaccharide found in most plants?

A

starch

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26
Q

what is the common polysaccharide found in most animals?

A

glycogen

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27
Q

what polysaccharide is used in some plants for structural support?

A

cellulose

28
Q

what polysaccharide is used in some animals for structural support?

A

chitin

29
Q

humans store 20 to 30 min worth of energy from what?

A

glycogen

30
Q

What polysaccharide do we need to first use up in order to start losing weight?

A

glycogen

31
Q

are lipids soluble or insoluble in water? why?

A

insoluble because they lack charge polarity

32
Q

what causes lipids to be hydrophobic?

A

a high proportion of non-polar C-H bonds

33
Q

What are the two main types of lipids?

A

fats and phospholipids

34
Q

what are triglycerides composed of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

35
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated

36
Q

What vitamins are lipid soluble?

A

A, D, E, and K

37
Q

What does it mean when a lipid is saturated?

A

it is saturated with hydrogen

38
Q

what makes a lipid unsaturated?

A

two hydrogens are missing and there is a double bond between two carbons

39
Q

what can happen to an unsaturated fat to make it saturated?

A

if the double bond between carbons is broken

40
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

long-term energy storage

41
Q

What stores twice as much energy as CHOs?

A

triglycerides

42
Q

what are typically characteristics of animal fats at room temperature?

A

saturated and solid

43
Q

what are typically characteristics of plant fats at room temperature?

A

unsaturated and liquid

44
Q

what makes a lipid more liquid?

A

more double bonds

45
Q

when a lipid is more saturated, what effect does that have?

A

the lipid becomes more solid

46
Q

what does an unsaturated, C=C bind do to a fatty acid chain?

A

causes a kink in the chain

47
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

48
Q

when do you produce cortisol?

A

when stressed

49
Q

what are proteins?

A

polymers of amino acids

50
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

enzymes, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, cell metabolism, storage

51
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

central carbon atom surrounded by an amino group, carbonyl group, single hydrogen, and a variable “R” group

52
Q

how many different amino acids are there?

A

20

53
Q

in what ways can “R” groups differ?

A

polar, non-polar, positive, negative, charged, aromatic, special function, etc.

54
Q

what dictates the chemical properties of an amino acid?

A

structure of the R group

55
Q

how are amino acids linked?

A

dehydration synthesis (creates a peptide bond between them)

56
Q

what is a peptide?

A

a string of amino acids

57
Q

what is a primary structure?

A

sequence of amino acids

58
Q

what is a secondary structure?

A

interactions of groups in the peptide backbone (dictated by primary structure)

59
Q

what are alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets?

A

motifs; secondary structures

60
Q

what are tertiary structures?

A

folded shape of a polypeptide chain

61
Q

in what structure do proteins typically find their functions?

A

tertiary

62
Q

what are quaternary structures?

A

interactions between polypeptide subunits (tertiary structures that did not already find their purpose)

63
Q

what are motifs?

A

common elements of secondary structures seen in many polypeptides

64
Q

what are domains?

A

the functional regions of a polypeptide

65
Q

what happens when a protein denatures?

A

the shape of the protein changes, usually causing loss of function (may involve complete unfolding; caused by things like pH and temp)

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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