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BIO 111 > ch 2 chemical foundations of life > Flashcards

ch 2 chemical foundations of life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the simplest, most common element?

A

hydrogen

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2
Q

how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does oxygen have?

A

8

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3
Q

how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does carbon have?

A

6

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4
Q

what is the approximate mass of a single proton or neutron?

A

1 dalton

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5
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons

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6
Q

What are ions?

A

charged atoms

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7
Q

Is hydrogen flammable?

A

yes

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8
Q

Why is iron very useful?

A

it can exist in multiple charged states

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9
Q

how many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

90

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10
Q

What elements make up 96.3% of humans?

A

C, H, O, N

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11
Q

What are characteristics of cations?

A

they have fewer electrons than protons and are positively charged

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of anions?

A

they have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged

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13
Q

What determines an element’s chemical properties?

A

its interactions between valence electrons of other atoms

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14
Q

what are redox reactions?

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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15
Q

what is oxidation?

A

the loss of an electron

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16
Q

what is reduction?

A

the gaining of an electron

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17
Q

what are molecules?

A

atoms held together in a stable association

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18
Q

when do covalent bonds form?

A

when atoms share two or more valence electrons

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19
Q

when are covalent bonds stronger than others?

A

single bond < double bond < triple bond < etc.

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20
Q

what compound is the cell membrane made of?

A

hydrocarbons

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21
Q

is the cell membrane polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar

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22
Q

what conducts electricity better? sea water or tap water

A

sea water

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23
Q

why is water often thought to conduct electricity?

A

it is not the water itself but the dissolved solutes in the water that conduct

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24
Q

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

A

bonds where there is an equal sharing of electrons

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25
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

bonds where there is an unequal sharing of electrons

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26
Q

how are ionic bonds formed?

A

they are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ion

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27
Q

what are chemical reactions?

A

the formation of or breaking of chemical bonds

28
Q

why do cold-blooded animals eat so much less than warm blooded animals?

A

because to maintain a constant body temperature takes a large amount of energy

29
Q

What is this chemical reaction?
6H2O + 6CO2 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

photosynthesis

30
Q

What is this chemical reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2

A

cellular respiration

31
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

weak attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen of a different water molecule

32
Q

What holds an H2O molecule together?

A

polar covalent bonds

33
Q

What bond connects H2O molecules to each other?

A

hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

water

35
Q

what is cohesion?

A

when water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding

36
Q

what is adhesion?

A

when water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

37
Q

What causes capillary action?

A

adhesive forces exceeding cohesive forces between water molecules

38
Q

What is the calorie of heat?

A

the amount of energy needed to get 1g of H2O to rise 1 degree celsius

39
Q

How much less dense is water in its solid state than in its liquid state?

A

9%

40
Q

What can dissolve polar molecules and ions by forming neutral barriers around them?

A

water

41
Q

are hydrophilic molecules charged or not charged?

A

charged

42
Q

Are hydrophobic molecules charged or not charged?

A

not charged

43
Q

what causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume certain shapes?

A

water

44
Q

what is the basis of the pH scale?

A

Hydrogen ions

45
Q

if something has a greater hydrogen ion (H^+1) concentration, does it have a lower or higher pH?

A

lower pH (acidic)

46
Q

if something has a lesser hydrogen ion (H^+1) concentration, does it have a lower or higher pH?

A

higher pH (basic)

47
Q

what does it mean that water has a high specific heat?

A

a large amount of energy is needed to change the temperature

48
Q

What does it mean that water has a high heat of vaporization?

A

evaporation of water from a surface requires a large amount of energy

49
Q

water can interact with something as long as it has a ______.

A

charge

50
Q

what is the pH of pure water?

A

7

51
Q

what is the pH of blood?

A

slightly higher than 7

52
Q

what is an acid?

A

a chemical that releases protons/ H^+1 ions

53
Q

what is a base?

A

a chemical that accepts protons/ H^+1 ions

54
Q

What accepts and releases H^+1 ions as necessary to keep a constant pH?

A

buffer

55
Q

what do most biological buffers normally consist of?

A

a pair of molecules, one acid and one base

56
Q

what are neutral atoms?

A

atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons (inert elements/noble gasses)

57
Q

how many of the naturally occurring elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts?

A

12

58
Q

what is the octet rule?

A

atoms want a full outer orbital; they must either lose or gain electrons to do so

59
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

an atom’s affinity for electrons

60
Q

within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar because…

A

oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is partially positive

61
Q

what do differences in electronegativity dictate in covalent bonds?

A

how electrons are distributed

62
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds = ________ sharing of electrons

A

equal

63
Q

polar covalent bonds = ________ sharing of electrons

A

unequal

64
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

They are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions; the electron is taken not shared

65
Q

What happens during chemical reactions?

A

The breaking or formation of chemical bonds

66
Q

What can influence wether or not a chemical reaction happens?

A

Temperature, concentration of reactants and products, and the availability of a catalyst

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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