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BIO 111 > ch. 17 biotech and genomics > Flashcards

ch. 17 biotech and genomics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

the use of biological agents for technological advancement

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2
Q

what is gel electrophoresis?

A

a technique that scientists use to separate molecules on the basis of size using the negative charged nucleic acid ions

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3
Q

are nucleic acids positive or negatively charged ions at neutral/basic pH in an aqueous environment?

A

negative

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4
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

the ability of an organism to be unaffected by an antibiotics actions

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5
Q

what is a biomarker?

A

a protein that is only produced when disease is present

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6
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

the use of biological agents for technological advancement

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7
Q

what is a cDNA library?

A

a collection of cloned cDNA sequences

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8
Q

what is cellular cloning?

A

production of identical cell populations by binary fission

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9
Q

what is the chain termination method?

A

the method of DNA sequencing using labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication; it is also called the dideoxy method or sanger method

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10
Q

what is a clone?

A

an exact replica

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11
Q

what is a contig?

A

a larger sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping shorter sequences

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12
Q

what is cryogenic mapping?

A

a technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes

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13
Q

what is a deoxynucleotide?

A

an individual DNA monomer

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14
Q

what is a dideoxynucleotide?

A

an individual DNA monomer that is missing a hydroxyl group (-OH)

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15
Q

what is a DNA microarray?

A

a method used to detect gene expression by analyzing many DNA fragments that are fixed to a glass slide or a silicone chip to identify active genes and identify sequences

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16
Q

what is an expressed sequence tag?

A

short STS that is identified with cDNA

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17
Q

what is a false negative?

A

an incorrect test result that should have been positive

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18
Q

what is foreign DNA?

A

DNA that belongs to a different species or DNA that is artificially synthesized

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19
Q

what is gel electrophoresis?

A

a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge

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20
Q

what is gene targeting?

A

a method for altering the sequence of a specific gene by introducing the modified version on a vector

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21
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

a technique used to cure inheritable diseases by replacing the mutant genes with good genes

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22
Q

what is a genetic diagnosis?

A

a diagnosis of the potential for a disease development by analyzing disease-causing genes

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23
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

the alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism

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24
Q

what is a genetic map?

A

an outline of genes and their locations on a chromosome

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25
Q

what is a genetic marker?

A

a gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait

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26
Q

what is genetic recombination?

A

a DNA exchange between homologous chromosome pairs

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27
Q

what is genetic testing?

A

the process of testing for the presence of disease-causing genes

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28
Q

what is a GMO?

A

an organism whose genome has been artificially changed

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29
Q

what is genome annotation?

A

the process of attaching biological information to gene sequences

30
Q

what is genome mapping?

A

the process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome

31
Q

what is a genomic library?

A

a collection of cloned DNA which represents all of the sequences and fragments from a genome

32
Q

what is genomics?

A

the study of entire genomes including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species

33
Q

what is host DNA?

A

DNA that is present in the genome of the organism in interest

34
Q

what is linkage analysis?

A

a procedure that analyzes recombining genes to determine if they are linked

35
Q

what is a lysis buffer?

A

a solution to break the cell membrane and release cell contents

36
Q

what is a metabolome?

A

the complete set of metabolites which are related to an organisms genetic makeup

37
Q

what are metagenomics?

A

the study of multiple species collective genomes that grow and interact in an environmental niche

38
Q

what is microsatellite polymorphism?

A

the variation between individuals in the sequence and number of microsatellite DNA repeats

39
Q

what is a model organism?

A

a species that researchers study and use as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism

40
Q

what is molecular cloning?

A

the cloning of DNA fragments

41
Q

what is a multiple cloning site?

A

a site that multiple restriction endonucleases can recognize

42
Q

what is next-generation sequencing?

A

a group of automated techniques for rapid DNA sequencing

43
Q

what is northern blotting?

A

a transfer of RNA from a gel to a nylon membrane

44
Q

what are pharmacogenetics?

A

the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; aka toxicogenomics

45
Q

what is a physical map?

A

a representation of the physical distance between two genes or genetic markers

46
Q

what does polygenetic mean?

A

phenotypic characteristics caused by two or more genes

47
Q

what is a polymerase chain reaction/PCR?

A

the technique used to amplify DNA

48
Q

what is a probe?

A

a small DNA fragment to determine if the complementary sequence is present in a DNA sample

49
Q

what is protease?

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

50
Q

what is a protein signature?

A

a set of uniquely expressed proteins in the diseased state

51
Q

what is a proteome?

A

an entire set of proteins that cell type produces

52
Q

what are proteomics?

A

the study of proteomes’ fuction

53
Q

what is a pure culture?

A

the growth of a single cell type in the laboratory

54
Q

what is radiation hybrid mapping?

A

information obtained by fragmenting the chromosome with x-rays

55
Q

what is recombinant DNA?

A

combining DNA fragments that molecular cloning generates that do not exist in nature; also a chimeric molecule

56
Q

what is a recombinant protein?

A

a genes protein product derived by molecular cloning

57
Q

what is restriction endonuclease?

A

an enzyme that can recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences

58
Q

what is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)?

A

variation between individuals in the length of DNA fragments, which restriction endonucleases generate

59
Q

what are reverse genetics?

A

a method of determining the gene’s function by starting with the gene itself instead of starting with the gene product

60
Q

what is reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PTR)?

A

a PCR t3echnique that involves converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase

61
Q

what is ribonuclease?

A

an enzyme that breaks down RNA

62
Q

what is sequence mapping?

A

mapping information obtained after DNA sequencing

63
Q

what is shotgun sequencing?

A

a method used to sequence multiple DNA fragments to generate the sequence of a large piece of DNA

64
Q

what is single nucleotide polymorphism?

A

variation between individuals in a single nucleotide

65
Q

what is southern blotting?

A

DNA transfer from gel to a nylon membrane

66
Q

what is systems biology?

A

the study of whole biological systems (genomes and proteomes) based on interactions within the system

67
Q

what is a Ti plasmid?

A

a plasmid system derived from Agrobacterium tumifaciens that scientists have used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells

68
Q

what is a transgenic organism?

A

an organism that receives DNA from a different species

69
Q

what is a veritable number of tandem repeats?

A

variation in the number of tandem repeats between individuals in the population

70
Q

what is whole-genome sequencing?

A

the process that determines an entire genomes DNA sequence

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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