ch. 17 biotech and genomics Flashcards
what is biotechnology?
the use of biological agents for technological advancement
what is gel electrophoresis?
a technique that scientists use to separate molecules on the basis of size using the negative charged nucleic acid ions
are nucleic acids positive or negatively charged ions at neutral/basic pH in an aqueous environment?
negative
what is antibiotic resistance?
the ability of an organism to be unaffected by an antibiotics actions
what is a biomarker?
a protein that is only produced when disease is present
what is biotechnology?
the use of biological agents for technological advancement
what is a cDNA library?
a collection of cloned cDNA sequences
what is cellular cloning?
production of identical cell populations by binary fission
what is the chain termination method?
the method of DNA sequencing using labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication; it is also called the dideoxy method or sanger method
what is a clone?
an exact replica
what is a contig?
a larger sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping shorter sequences
what is cryogenic mapping?
a technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes
what is a deoxynucleotide?
an individual DNA monomer
what is a dideoxynucleotide?
an individual DNA monomer that is missing a hydroxyl group (-OH)
what is a DNA microarray?
a method used to detect gene expression by analyzing many DNA fragments that are fixed to a glass slide or a silicone chip to identify active genes and identify sequences
what is an expressed sequence tag?
short STS that is identified with cDNA
what is a false negative?
an incorrect test result that should have been positive
what is foreign DNA?
DNA that belongs to a different species or DNA that is artificially synthesized
what is gel electrophoresis?
a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge
what is gene targeting?
a method for altering the sequence of a specific gene by introducing the modified version on a vector
what is gene therapy?
a technique used to cure inheritable diseases by replacing the mutant genes with good genes
what is a genetic diagnosis?
a diagnosis of the potential for a disease development by analyzing disease-causing genes
what is genetic engineering?
the alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism
what is a genetic map?
an outline of genes and their locations on a chromosome
what is a genetic marker?
a gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait
what is genetic recombination?
a DNA exchange between homologous chromosome pairs
what is genetic testing?
the process of testing for the presence of disease-causing genes
what is a GMO?
an organism whose genome has been artificially changed
what is genome annotation?
the process of attaching biological information to gene sequences
what is genome mapping?
the process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome
what is a genomic library?
a collection of cloned DNA which represents all of the sequences and fragments from a genome
what is genomics?
the study of entire genomes including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species
what is host DNA?
DNA that is present in the genome of the organism in interest
what is linkage analysis?
a procedure that analyzes recombining genes to determine if they are linked
what is a lysis buffer?
a solution to break the cell membrane and release cell contents
what is a metabolome?
the complete set of metabolites which are related to an organisms genetic makeup
what are metagenomics?
the study of multiple species collective genomes that grow and interact in an environmental niche
what is microsatellite polymorphism?
the variation between individuals in the sequence and number of microsatellite DNA repeats
what is a model organism?
a species that researchers study and use as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism
what is molecular cloning?
the cloning of DNA fragments
what is a multiple cloning site?
a site that multiple restriction endonucleases can recognize
what is next-generation sequencing?
a group of automated techniques for rapid DNA sequencing
what is northern blotting?
a transfer of RNA from a gel to a nylon membrane
what are pharmacogenetics?
the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; aka toxicogenomics
what is a physical map?
a representation of the physical distance between two genes or genetic markers
what does polygenetic mean?
phenotypic characteristics caused by two or more genes
what is a polymerase chain reaction/PCR?
the technique used to amplify DNA
what is a probe?
a small DNA fragment to determine if the complementary sequence is present in a DNA sample
what is protease?
an enzyme that breaks down proteins
what is a protein signature?
a set of uniquely expressed proteins in the diseased state
what is a proteome?
an entire set of proteins that cell type produces
what are proteomics?
the study of proteomes’ fuction
what is a pure culture?
the growth of a single cell type in the laboratory
what is radiation hybrid mapping?
information obtained by fragmenting the chromosome with x-rays
what is recombinant DNA?
combining DNA fragments that molecular cloning generates that do not exist in nature; also a chimeric molecule
what is a recombinant protein?
a genes protein product derived by molecular cloning
what is restriction endonuclease?
an enzyme that can recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences
what is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)?
variation between individuals in the length of DNA fragments, which restriction endonucleases generate
what are reverse genetics?
a method of determining the gene’s function by starting with the gene itself instead of starting with the gene product
what is reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PTR)?
a PCR t3echnique that involves converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase
what is ribonuclease?
an enzyme that breaks down RNA
what is sequence mapping?
mapping information obtained after DNA sequencing
what is shotgun sequencing?
a method used to sequence multiple DNA fragments to generate the sequence of a large piece of DNA
what is single nucleotide polymorphism?
variation between individuals in a single nucleotide
what is southern blotting?
DNA transfer from gel to a nylon membrane
what is systems biology?
the study of whole biological systems (genomes and proteomes) based on interactions within the system
what is a Ti plasmid?
a plasmid system derived from Agrobacterium tumifaciens that scientists have used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells
what is a transgenic organism?
an organism that receives DNA from a different species
what is a veritable number of tandem repeats?
variation in the number of tandem repeats between individuals in the population
what is whole-genome sequencing?
the process that determines an entire genomes DNA sequence
