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BIO 111 > ch. 16 > Flashcards

ch. 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a 3’UTR?

A

3’ untranslated region; region just downstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated

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2
Q

what is a 5’ cap?

A

a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule that is attached to the 5’ end of a mRNA to protect the end from degradation

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3
Q

what is a 5’ UTR?

A

5’ untranslated region; region just upstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated

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4
Q

what is an activator protein?

A

a protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription

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5
Q

what is a catabolite activator protein?

A

a protein that complexes with cAMP to bind to the promoter sequences of operons which control sugar processing when glucose is not available

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6
Q

what is are cis-acting elements?

A

transcription factor binding sites within the promoter that regulate the transcription of a gene adjacent to it

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7
Q

what is a diner enzyme?

A

enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA

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8
Q

what is DNA methylation?

A

epigenetic modification that leads to gene slicing; a process involving adding a methyl group to the DNA molecule

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9
Q

what is an enhancer?

A

a segment of DNA (that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome) that influence the transcription of a specific gene

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10
Q

what does it mean if traits are epigenetic?

A

they are heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence

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11
Q

what is a eukaryotic initiation factor-2?

A

(elF-2) a protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation

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12
Q

what is gene expression?

A

the processed that control the turning on or off of a gene

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13
Q

what is GDP?

A

a molecule that is left after the energy is used to start translation

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14
Q

what is GTP?

A

an energy-providing molecule that binds to eIF-2 and is needed for translation

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15
Q

what is histone acetylation?

A

the epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing

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16
Q

what is gene silencing?

A

a process involving adding or removing an acetyl functional group

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17
Q

what is an inducible operon?

A

an operon that can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment

18
Q

what is an initiation complex?

A

a protein complex containing eIf-2 that starts translation

19
Q

what is a lac operon?

A

an operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose

20
Q

what is a large 60S ribosomal subunit?

A

the second, larger ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein

21
Q

what is miRNA?

A

small RNA molecules (approx. 21 nucleotides) that bind to RNA molecules to degrade them

22
Q

what is myc?

A

an oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells

23
Q

what is a negative regulator?

A

a protein that prevents transcription

24
Q

what is the operator region of DNA?

A

region outside the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells

25
Q

what is an operon?

A

a collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells

26
Q

what is a poly-A tail?

A

a series of adenine nucleotides that are attached to he 3’ end of an mRNA to protect it form degradation

27
Q

what is a positive regulator?

A

a protein that increases transcription

28
Q

what does post-transcriptional mean?

A

control of a gene expression after the RNA molecule has been created but before it is translated into protein

29
Q

what does post-translational mean?

A

control of gene expression after a protein has been created

30
Q

what is a proteasome?

A

an organelle that degrades proteins

31
Q

what is a repressor protein?

A

a protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription

32
Q

what is a RISC?

A

a protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it

33
Q

what is RNA stability?

A

how long an RNA molecule will remain intact in the cytoplasm

34
Q

what is RBP (RNA-binding protein)?

A

a protein that binds to the 3’ or 5’ UTR to increase or decrease the RNA stability

35
Q

what is a small 40S ribosomal subunit?

A

a ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein

36
Q

what is a trans-acting element?

A

a transcription factor binding site found outside the promoter or on another chromosome that influences the transcription of a particular gene

37
Q

what is a transcription factor?

A

a protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene

38
Q

what is a transcription factor binding site?

A

a sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds

39
Q

what is a trp operon?

A

a series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells

40
Q

what is tryptophan?

A

an amino acid that can be synthesized by prokaryotic cells when necessary

41
Q

what is an untranslated region?

A

a segment of the RNA molecule that is not translated into protein; these regions lie before and after the protein-coding region

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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