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BIO 111 > ch. 4 cell structure > Flashcards

ch. 4 cell structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who discovered cells and when?

A

Hooke, 1660’s

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2
Q

who proposed the cell theory? when?

A

Schneider and Schwann, 1830’s

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3
Q

as a cell increases in size, volume increases ___x faster than the surface area

A

10

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4
Q

what three structures do all cells have in common?

A

genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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5
Q

What is the function of prokaryotic cell walls?

A

they protect the cell and maintain cell shape

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6
Q

what are prokaryotic cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan (bacteria) or similar substances (archaea)

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7
Q

what does it mean if a prokaryotic cell wall is gram negative?

A

they are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall which is surrounded by an outer-membrane

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8
Q

what does it mean if a prokaryotic cell wall is gram positive?

A

they lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives

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9
Q

where can you find simple flagella?

A

in some prokaryotic cells

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10
Q

what kind of motion does the simple flagella make to move the cell?

A

rotary motion

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11
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

a nuclear envelope

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12
Q

what is the nuclear envelope composed of?

A

2 phospholipid bilayers

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13
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

they are the site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

what are ribosomes composed of?

A

rRNA and proteins

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15
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

in the cytoplasm and attached to membranes

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16
Q

what parts of the cell make up the endomembrane system?

A

nuclear membrane, ER, golgi, secretory vesicles

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17
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

A

a semi-continuous system of interconnected membranes

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18
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A

creates a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm, synthesis of proteins that will be secreted and then sent to lysosomes or the plasma membrane

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19
Q

What are the functions of smooth ER

A

synthesis of membrane lipids, calcium storage, detoxification of foreign substances

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20
Q

what are the golgi apparatus?

A

flattened stacks of interconnected membranes that package and distribute materials to different parts of the cell and synthesize cell wall components

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21
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes

22
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

they break down macromolecules for recycling of foreign matter that the cell has engulfed

23
Q

what are microbodies?

A

vesicles containing enzymes

24
Q

what are glyoxysomes?

A

microbodies in plants that contain enzymes for converting fats to carbs

25
Q

what are peroxisomes?

A

microbodies that contain oxidative enzymes and catalase

26
Q

are vacuoles membrane-bound?

A

yes

27
Q

where can contractile vacuoles be found?

A

in some protists

28
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

they contain oxidative metabolism enzymes fir transferring energy from macromolecules to ATP

29
Q

what do the two mitochondria membranes look like?

A

a smooth outer membrane and a folded inter membrane with layers called cristae

30
Q

where is the matrix in the mitochondria?

A

within the inner membrane

31
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

membrane sacs within the inner membrane

32
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

protein fibers

33
Q

what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

supports the shape of the cell, keeps organelles in fixed locations, helps move materials within the cell

34
Q

what are the three cytoskeleton fibers?

A

actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

35
Q

what are actin filaments responsible for?

A

cellular contractions, crawling, “pinching”

36
Q

what is the purpose of microtubules?

A

to provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell

37
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

they provide structural support

38
Q

what makes up flagella and cilia?

A

microtubules

39
Q

how is the cell movement “crawling” accomplished?

A

with actin filaments and myosin

40
Q

what is the structure of cilia and flagella?

A

“9 + 2” structure

41
Q

what is a “9 + 2” structure?

A

9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by two central microtubules

42
Q

what drives the flagella and cilia?

A

proton gradients

43
Q

what are some extra cellular structures?

A

cell walls and extra cellular matrix

44
Q

what type of cells contain cell walls?

A

plants, fungi, and some protists

45
Q

what is the CHO in the cell wall of plants and protists?

A

cellulose

46
Q

what is the CHO in the cell walls of fungi?

A

chitin

47
Q

what is chitin?

A

a glycoprotein

48
Q

what is the extra cellular matrix composed of?

A

glycoproteins and fibrous proteins like collagen

49
Q

how might the extracellular matrix be connected to the cytoplasm?

A

with integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane

50
Q

how many cells do humans have?

A

over a trillion

51
Q

what is endosymbiosis?

A

the theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship where one cell engulfed another (ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts)

BIO 111 (18 decks)

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