Ch. 8 (Menopause and Hormone Therapy)

Question 1

Cessation of regular periods

Answer 1

Menopause

Question 2

Three stages of menopause:

Answer 2

• perimenopause
• menopause
• postmenopause

Question 3

stage of menopause: stage immediately before menopause where physical changes begin to occur

Answer 3

perimenopause

Question 4

stage of menopause: once a woman has gone through 12 consecutive months without menstruating

Answer 4

menopause

Question 5

stage of menopause: life after the final menstrual period

Answer 5

postmenopause

Question 6

About ____% of the total female population—are currently between the ages of 45 and 54, the age group at which menopause most often begins.

Answer 6

13%

Question 7

T/F: As the U.S. population ages, more and more women will have experienced, or will be experiencing, menopause.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

By 2060, about _____ the women in the United States will be experiencing, or will have experienced, menopause.

Answer 8

half

Question 9

during natural menopause, ovaries begin to fail to respond to the ________ and __________ hormones.

Answer 9

luteinizing and follicle-stimulating

Question 10

during natural menopause, ovaries produce lower levels of ______ and _________ in response.

Answer 10

estrogen; progesterone

Question 11

during natural menopause, ovulation becomes _______.

Answer 11

erratic

Question 12

Avg age of menopause =

Answer 12

55

Question 13

you cannot get pregnant during menopause

Answer 13

false (u can if egg is released)

Question 14

only the uterus is removed

Answer 14

partial hysterectomy

Question 15

both the uterus and cervix are removed

Answer 15

total hysterectomy

Question 16

both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the cervix are removed

Answer 16

total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Question 17

both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the lymph nodes are removed

Answer 17

radical hysterectomy

Question 18

Performed for cancers and other conditions; results in more severe menopause symptoms

Answer 18

hysterectomy

Question 19

Women who have both ovaries removed before _____ years of age are at increased risk for later CVD, CHD, and stroke.

Answer 19

50

Question 20

T/F: Most women have few, if any, symptoms during menopause.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Two primary forms of hormone therapy for Menopause:

Answer 21

• estrogen only
• estrogen + progesterone

Question 22

which hormone therapy is prescribed for women without a uterus?

Answer 22

estrogen only

Question 23

hormone therapy decreases risk of what kind of cancer?

Answer 23

uterine

Question 24

1970s found increased rates of _______ cancers with DES (synthetic form of estrogen) and a link with estrogen and uterine cancer

Answer 24

vaginal

Question 25

HT was first approved in _____

Answer 25

1941

Question 26

WHI results: In 2002, the estrogen plus progestin arm of the study was stopped early bc of what 3 things?

Answer 26

• Lack of overall benefit
• Increased risk of breast cancer and heart disease
• Slightly lower risk of fractures and colon cancers

Question 27

T/F: Researchers concluded that estrogen alone did NOT appear to decrease the risk for heart disease or stroke.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

15-year national study started in 1991; studied estrogen alone, estrogen plus progestin, placebo

Answer 28

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)

Question 29

Conducted in the UK; LARGEST observational study in history; confirmed WHI findings

Answer 29

Million Women Study

Question 30

Million Women Study showed that _______ use of hormones did not seem to affect the current risk of developing breast cancer (after two years of stopping, risk diminishes)

Answer 30

prior

Question 31

Special Populations for HT (2):

Answer 31

• Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40)
• Women who have lost normal ovarian function (before age 40)

Question 32

in special populatin for HT, HT seems to reduce their risk of _____

Answer 32

CHD