Ch. 8 (Menopause and Hormone Therapy) Flashcards
Cessation of regular periods
Menopause
Three stages of menopause:
- perimenopause
- menopause
- postmenopause
stage of menopause: stage immediately before menopause where physical changes begin to occur
perimenopause
stage of menopause: once a woman has gone through 12 consecutive months without menstruating
menopause
stage of menopause: life after the final menstrual period
postmenopause
About ____% of the total female population—are currently between the ages of 45 and 54, the age group at which menopause most often begins.
13%
T/F: As the U.S. population ages, more and more women will have experienced, or will be experiencing, menopause.
true
By 2060, about _____ the women in the United States will be experiencing, or will have experienced, menopause.
half
during natural menopause, ovaries begin to fail to respond to the ________ and __________ hormones.
luteinizing and follicle-stimulating
during natural menopause, ovaries produce lower levels of ______ and _________ in response.
estrogen; progesterone
during natural menopause, ovulation becomes _______.
erratic
Avg age of menopause =
55
you cannot get pregnant during menopause
false (u can if egg is released)
only the uterus is removed
partial hysterectomy
both the uterus and cervix are removed
total hysterectomy
both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the cervix are removed
total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the lymph nodes are removed
radical hysterectomy
Performed for cancers and other conditions; results in more severe menopause symptoms
hysterectomy
Women who have both ovaries removed before _____ years of age are at increased risk for later CVD, CHD, and stroke.
50
T/F: Most women have few, if any, symptoms during menopause.
true
Two primary forms of hormone therapy for Menopause:
- estrogen only
- estrogen + progesterone
which hormone therapy is prescribed for women without a uterus?
estrogen only
hormone therapy decreases risk of what kind of cancer?
uterine
1970s found increased rates of _______ cancers with DES (synthetic form of estrogen) and a link with estrogen and uterine cancer
vaginal
HT was first approved in _____
1941
WHI results: In 2002, the estrogen plus progestin arm of the study was stopped early bc of what 3 things?
- Lack of overall benefit
- Increased risk of breast cancer and heart disease
- Slightly lower risk of fractures and colon cancers
T/F: Researchers concluded that estrogen alone did NOT appear to decrease the risk for heart disease or stroke.
true
15-year national study started in 1991; studied estrogen alone, estrogen plus progestin, placebo
Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)
Conducted in the UK; LARGEST observational study in history; confirmed WHI findings
Million Women Study
Million Women Study showed that _______ use of hormones did not seem to affect the current risk of developing breast cancer (after two years of stopping, risk diminishes)
prior
Special Populations for HT (2):
- Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40)
- Women who have lost normal ovarian function (before age 40)
in special populatin for HT, HT seems to reduce their risk of _____
CHD
