Ch. 10 (Cardiovascular Disease + Cancer) Flashcards
Women are ______ as strong in upper body areas, _______ as strong in lower body and legs.
half; two-thirds
women have smaller muscle fiber ______, but individual muscle fibers are the same _________.
areas; strength
which gender: Higher percentage of body fat
women
what 3 other physical differences are there between men and women?
- lower blood volume
- smaller hearts
- less lung capacity
T/F: in other cultures, women traditionally not encouraged to exercise, whereas men are.
true
Until __________, funding for men’s activities dwarfed women’s funding.
Title IX
Boys are encouraged to _______; girls are taught to _______.
excel; fit in
Nearly ______ as many overweight children and _____ times as many overweight adolescents than in 1980
twice; three
______ out of _____ adults are overweight; ______% are obese
2 out of 3 (65.1%); 41.9%
_____% of U.S. children are overweight; ____% are at risk of becoming overweight
16%; 31%
Obesity’s annual cost = more than $_____ _______
$150 billion
Americans spend more than $____ ______ per year trying to lose weight.
60 billion
____ ______ people are trying to lose weight, and 95% of them are unsuccessful.
70 million
one of the countries with highest number of obese WOMEN.
US
Healthful strategies for weight loss/management (4):
- Caloric input < caloric output
- Increase BMR via exercise
- Balanced, nutritious diet (all six nutrients consumed daily)
- Reasonable goals; aiming for long-term results
2 greatest causes of death in the United States
1) cardiovascular diseases
2) cancer
Cancer in women is most likely to affect ________, _______, _____________, and ______
breasts, lung, reproductive system and skin
arteries in heart can’t deliver enough O2 rich blood to heart. This can lead to heart attack (MI).
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
82,787 U.S. women died of stroke—the _______ leading cause of death in women.
third
T/F: More men than women die of stroke each year.
false (more WOMEN)
CHD begins with _____ buildup inside the lining of the coronary arteries.
plaque
Plaque begins with ______ cholesterol (bad cholesterol) moving inside the arteries; white blood cells can also get stuck inside the lining and die
LDL
Plaque can grow until it takes up _____% of the space in an artery.
95%
Weak heart muscles that cannot perform the pumping function with proper vigor; often a disease of older women who have suffered heart damage from other causes
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Problems with the heartbeat (fast, slow, or irregular)
Arrhythmias
results from bacterial infection with Streptococcus, which can cause damage to heart valves; can usually be cured with antibiotics
Rheumatic heart disease
Problems with the heartbeat (fast, slow, or irregular)
Arrhythmias
Chest pain resulting from insufficient supply of blood (oxygen) to heart muscle; disease of the extremities (arms/legs) in which blood supply is diminished, resulting in lack of nutrients and oxygen
Angina pectoris
Group of diseases that occur together and cause CVD
Metabolic Syndrome
Risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome:
1) Elevated waist circumference
-2)High blood lipid levels (Triglycerides)
3) Low HDL levels
4) High blood pressure
5) Elevated fasting blood glucose level
Elevated waist circumference (men + women)
Men > 40 inches, Women > 35 inches
High blood lipid levels:
Triglycerides > 150 mg/DL
Low HDL levels (men + women)
Men < 40 mg/dL Women < 50 mg/DL
High blood pressure:
> 130/85 mm Hg
Elevated fasting blood glucose level:
> 100 mg/dL
Metabolic syndrome is a greater ____ _____ outcomes for women than it is for men.
risk adverse
Blood vessels either within or leading to the brain becomes damaged, blocked, or burst; leads to portions of the brain being unable to receive oxygen, and thus dying; often survivors have a long, difficult recovery process—many thought processes and physical actions may have to be relearned.
Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)
types of strokes (2):
- ischemic
- hemorrhagic
type of stroke: the most common type, caused by a cerebral thrombus or embolism
Ischemic stroke
type of stroke: caused by ruptured blood vessels such as an aneurysm
Hemorrhagic stroke:
Possible warning signs of strokes =
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)—brief memory loss, garbled speech, or other symptoms
Before menopause, women’s ______, in general, protect them from CVD; with menopause, the risk increases more sharply.
hormones
different symptoms women experience when having a heart attack (3):
- Fewer sharp, intense pains
- Less shortness of breath
- More cold sweats, nausea, dizziness
T/F: Women are more likely to die from heart attack
true
a major risk factor for CVD (as well as lung and other cancers).
Smoking
disease caused by uncontrolled cellular growth or reproduction
Cancer
any abnormal cell growth
Tumor
types of tumors (2):
- benign
- malignant
type of tumor: contained
benign
type of tumor: growing/spreading
malignant
the process of cancer spreading throughout the body
Metastasis
a substance that can cause cancer
Carcinogen
75% of cancers are diagnosed in people aged _____ and older.
55
the most common cancer in women
Breast cancer
Second most common =
lung cancer (but causes the MOST deaths)
which cancer causes the most DEATHS in women?
lung cancer
Third most common cancer =
colorectal
Fourth most common cancer =
endometrial
Most women will find a lump in their breast at some point in their lives. In ___ out of ____ cases, this is not cancer.
9 of 10
Benign breast diseases (3):
- Fibrocystic breast disease (cystic mastitis)
- Hyperplasia
- Fibroadenoma
best way to detect abnormal tissues; detects the smallest breast cancers
Mammography
breast cancer treatment: some breast tissue/some lymph nodes
Partial or segmental mastectomy
breast cancer treatment: complete breast removal, no lymph nodes
Simple mastectomy
breast cancer treatment: removes only the tumor and a small rim of normal tissue around it
Lumpectomy
breast cancer treatment: The whole breast, all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast are removed
Radical mastectomy
is responsible for almost every case of lung cancer, the deadliest form of cancer for men and women.
Cigarette smoking
T/F: Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body before it can be detected.
true
Caused by “high risk” strains of HPV
cervical cancer
T/F: Modern medicine has the potential to prevent almost all cases of cervical cancer.
true
T/F: Vaccination can prevent most, but not all, cases of cervical cancer (screening still needed).
true
cervical cancer treatments (3):
- cryosurgery
- cone biopsy
- laser cone biopsy (LEEP)
type of cervical cancer treatment: freezing off cancer
cryosurgery
type of cervical cancer treatment: cut deeper cell layers of skin; more painful and longer recover than LEEP
cone biopsy
type of cervical cancer treatment: less risk
laser cone biopsy (LEEP)
Benign uterine conditions (3):
- Fibroids:
- Endometriosis:
- Endometrial hyperplasia
Benign uterine condition: benign tumors made of muscular and fibrous tissue in uterus
Fibroids
Benign uterine condition: uterine tissue grows outside walls of uterus; when it grows into wall of uterus, called adenomyosis
Endometriosis
Benign uterine condition: thickening of uterine lining
Endometrial hyperplasia
when endometriosis grows INTO the wall of uterus, called _______
adenomyosis
Difficult to detect—too high up to be found on a pelvic examination
Malignant Uterine Tumors
Benign ovarian growths (2):
- Cysts
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
TYPES of cycts (4):
- follicular
- hemorrhagic
- epithelial
- dermoid
type of cyst: no egg release
follicular
type of cyst: bleeding cyst
hemorrhagic
type of cyst: outside of ovary
epithelial
type of cyst: from germ cells – hair, teeth
dermoid
A deadly, stealthy, and largely misunderstood form of cancer.
Ovarian cancer
Caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus
Cervical Cancer
T/F: all types of HPV can cause cancer
false (only high risk strains)
T/F: Most women with high-risk HPV will not develop cervical cancer
true
T/F: Cervical cancer is easily treated if found early (Pap smear, HPV test)
true
warning signs of colorectal cancer (2):
blood in stool + cramping in lower abdomen
2 major risk factors of colorectal cancer =
Increasing age + familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
types of skin cancer
- melanomas
- nonmelanomas
type of skin cancer: WORSE
melanomas
type of skin cancer: basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
nonmelanomas
Screening and diagnosis for skin cancer = skin exam looking for _______
ABCD
what does ABCD stand for in a skin exam for cancer?
Asymmetry
Border irregularities
Color irregularities
Diameter
