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Women's Health > Ch. 6 (pregnancy + childbirth) > Flashcards

Ch. 6 (pregnancy + childbirth) Flashcards

1
Q

which century?
- Women were experts and attended births – men did not

A

Prior to 18th century

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2
Q

which century?
- Physicians at births
- Childbirth moves to hospitals
- Surgical techniques and development of instruments

A

Eighteenth century (Europe to America)

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3
Q

which century?
- Physician-controlled hospital births
- Interventions—Medications, anesthesia, birthing instruments

A

Nineteenth century (culture of delivery changed)

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4
Q

which century?
- Greater technology, medicalization, hospitalization
- Greater mystification of childbirth for woman
- Controlling fertility, but less understanding-irony (more prepared birth + support for pregnant women)

A

Early 20th century

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5
Q

which century?
- Natural-birth relaxation techniques leading toward “prepared births”
- 1970s: Benefits of breastfeeding resurfaced
- Childbirth = joy and knowledge vs. fear and ignorance

A

Mid-to-late 20th century

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6
Q

when did the benefits of breastfeeding resurface?

A

1970s

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7
Q

process of the joining of a sperm cell + Egg cell

A

Fertilization

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8
Q

Sperm cell + Egg cell =

A

Zygote

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9
Q

~___________ sperm cells deposited per ejaculation (variable)

A

300 million

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10
Q

T/F: Only one sperm can penetrate the protective coating of the egg.

A

true

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11
Q

Born with a supply of ~_______ eggs cells

A

1 million

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12
Q

Only ________ eggs remain by the time a girl reaches puberty.

A

300,000

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13
Q

fraternal twins (two eggs released that are both fertilized by 2 dif. sperm and then implanted)

A

Dizygotic twins

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14
Q

identical twins (one egg fertilized and then splits + implants); must more rare

A

Monozygotic twins

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15
Q

how many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

46

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16
Q

how many chromosomes does a singular egg or sperm cell have?

A

23

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17
Q

development process after fertilization (4):

A

Zygote->Blastocyst->Embryo->Fetus

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18
Q

Within 36 hours of fertilization: _______ divides

A

Zygote

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19
Q

3 to 5 days: Reaches uterus and is known as a ________

A

blastocyst

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20
Q

1 to 2 days: Blastocyst floats freely before implanting in ______

A

uterus

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21
Q

First 8 weeks: Known as ______

A

embryo

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22
Q

9 weeks to birth: Known as ______

A

fetus

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23
Q

Early signs of pregnancy often occur within the first _____ weeks

A

6

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24
Q

Pregnancy tests: detect _____

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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25
Q

after FERTILIZATION, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the ____________ are SUPPRESSED.

A

anterior pituitary gland

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26
Q

after Implantation, embryo cells secrete ________.

A

hCG

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27
Q

hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete _______ and _______.

A

estrogen and progesterone.

28
Q

regulates progesterone, stimulates fetal maturation (lungs, liver

A

estrogen

29
Q

suppresses uterine contractions, stimulates alveoli of breasts.

A

Progesterone

30
Q

which trimester do you gain the majority of your weight when pregnant?

A

second (12-14 pounds)

31
Q

how much weight will you gain roughly when pregnant?

A

25-35 pounds

32
Q

Fetal sac that envelops the embryo

A

Amnion

33
Q

Provides protection and constant environment for floating embryo

A

Amniotic fluid

34
Q

Supplies fetus with oxygen and nutrients from maternal bloodstream and filters waste back to mother for disposal

A

Placenta

35
Q

The steps that a woman can take before she decides to become pregnant to ensure that she is in good health when conception occurs

A

Preconception care

36
Q

Preconception care examples (4):

A
  • Folic acid (prevents birth defects – sperma bifida)
  • Proper immunizations
  • Healthy behaviors
  • Nutrition
37
Q

Consume additional _____ calories/day during first trimester
and consume additional _____ calories/day second and third trimester

A

100; 300

38
Q

____% of women smoke during pregnancy

A

13

39
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) effects (3):

A
  • Growth retardation
  • Facial malformations
  • Central nervous system dysfunction
40
Q

causes smaller, sicker babies; higher risk of stillbirths; excessive crying and trembling in infants

A

Marijuana

41
Q

associated with fetal distress; low birth weight; impaired fetal growth

A

cocaine

42
Q

risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, stillbirth, poor fetal growth; withdrawal symptoms at birth; increased risk of SIDS

A

heroine

43
Q

Fertilized egg grows outside uterine cavity; risk factors related to fallopian tube problems; abdominal pain, spotting, ruptured fallopian tube, PID; Can be life threatening

A

Ectopic pregnancy

44
Q

Ectopic pregnancy occurs in approximately ______ in _______ pregnancies

A

20 per 1000

45
Q

usually in second half of pregnancy; may or may not have symptoms; can present problems for mother and baby; mothers at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life

A

Gestational diabetes

46
Q

Pregnancy-related high blood pressure; several other symptoms
(Protein in urine; face and hands swelling; sudden weight gain; blurred vision; severe headaches; dizziness; stomach pain); cure is delivery of the baby

A

Preeclampsia

47
Q

Preterm labor and delivery is labor before week _____

A

37

48
Q

Pregnancy that ends before 20th week

A

miscarriage

49
Q

Defined as intrauterine death of fetus

A

stillbirth

50
Q

Three distinctive signs of labor

A

1) Uterine contractions every 5 minutes
2) Rupture of the membranes: leak of fluids
3) Bloody show: passage of mucous plug of cervix when cervix dilates

51
Q

stage of labor: the onset of labor to full dilation of the cervix

A

stage I

52
Q

stage of labor: begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends with the birth of the baby

A

stage II

53
Q

stage of labor: the delivery of the afterbirth, or placenta

A

stage III

54
Q

Nondrug strategies for support during childbirth (3):

A
  • Comfort measures
  • Mental strategies
  • Medications
55
Q

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected through a catheter beside the spinal cord

A

Epidural

56
Q

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected directly into the spinal canal

A

spinal

57
Q

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected into area around the vagina and perineum

A

pudendal

58
Q

Surgical incisions made in both the wall of the mother’s abdomen and her uterus

A

Cesarean Delivery

59
Q

C-section rates have _______ since the beginning of the 2000s

A

increasing

60
Q

_____% of women in their 40s are childless

A

16%

61
Q

Defined as not being able to get pregnant after trying for 1 year

A

infertility

62
Q

Women aged 25 to 44: _____% used infertility services between 2006–2010.

A

17%

63
Q

Female infertility =

A

Ovulation disorder

64
Q

female infertility rate:

A

25 - 35% of couples`

65
Q

Male infertility =

A

Azoospermia, oligospermia

66
Q

male infertility rate:

A

25 - 35% of couples`

67
Q

ART =

A

Assisted reproductive technologies

Women's Health (8 decks)

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