Ch. 6 (pregnancy + childbirth) Flashcards
which century?
- Women were experts and attended births – men did not
Prior to 18th century
which century?
- Physicians at births
- Childbirth moves to hospitals
- Surgical techniques and development of instruments
Eighteenth century (Europe to America)
which century?
- Physician-controlled hospital births
- Interventions—Medications, anesthesia, birthing instruments
Nineteenth century (culture of delivery changed)
which century?
- Greater technology, medicalization, hospitalization
- Greater mystification of childbirth for woman
- Controlling fertility, but less understanding-irony (more prepared birth + support for pregnant women)
Early 20th century
which century?
- Natural-birth relaxation techniques leading toward “prepared births”
- 1970s: Benefits of breastfeeding resurfaced
- Childbirth = joy and knowledge vs. fear and ignorance
Mid-to-late 20th century
when did the benefits of breastfeeding resurface?
1970s
process of the joining of a sperm cell + Egg cell
Fertilization
Sperm cell + Egg cell =
Zygote
~___________ sperm cells deposited per ejaculation (variable)
300 million
T/F: Only one sperm can penetrate the protective coating of the egg.
true
Born with a supply of ~_______ eggs cells
1 million
Only ________ eggs remain by the time a girl reaches puberty.
300,000
fraternal twins (two eggs released that are both fertilized by 2 dif. sperm and then implanted)
Dizygotic twins
identical twins (one egg fertilized and then splits + implants); must more rare
Monozygotic twins
how many chromosomes does a zygote have?
46
how many chromosomes does a singular egg or sperm cell have?
23
development process after fertilization (4):
Zygote->Blastocyst->Embryo->Fetus
Within 36 hours of fertilization: _______ divides
Zygote
3 to 5 days: Reaches uterus and is known as a ________
blastocyst
1 to 2 days: Blastocyst floats freely before implanting in ______
uterus
First 8 weeks: Known as ______
embryo
9 weeks to birth: Known as ______
fetus
Early signs of pregnancy often occur within the first _____ weeks
6
Pregnancy tests: detect _____
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
after FERTILIZATION, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the ____________ are SUPPRESSED.
anterior pituitary gland
after Implantation, embryo cells secrete ________.
hCG
hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete _______ and _______.
estrogen and progesterone.
regulates progesterone, stimulates fetal maturation (lungs, liver
estrogen
suppresses uterine contractions, stimulates alveoli of breasts.
Progesterone
which trimester do you gain the majority of your weight when pregnant?
second (12-14 pounds)
how much weight will you gain roughly when pregnant?
25-35 pounds
Fetal sac that envelops the embryo
Amnion
Provides protection and constant environment for floating embryo
Amniotic fluid
Supplies fetus with oxygen and nutrients from maternal bloodstream and filters waste back to mother for disposal
Placenta
The steps that a woman can take before she decides to become pregnant to ensure that she is in good health when conception occurs
Preconception care
Preconception care examples (4):
- Folic acid (prevents birth defects – sperma bifida)
- Proper immunizations
- Healthy behaviors
- Nutrition
Consume additional _____ calories/day during first trimester
and consume additional _____ calories/day second and third trimester
100; 300
____% of women smoke during pregnancy
13
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) effects (3):
- Growth retardation
- Facial malformations
- Central nervous system dysfunction
causes smaller, sicker babies; higher risk of stillbirths; excessive crying and trembling in infants
Marijuana
associated with fetal distress; low birth weight; impaired fetal growth
cocaine
risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, stillbirth, poor fetal growth; withdrawal symptoms at birth; increased risk of SIDS
heroine
Fertilized egg grows outside uterine cavity; risk factors related to fallopian tube problems; abdominal pain, spotting, ruptured fallopian tube, PID; Can be life threatening
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy occurs in approximately ______ in _______ pregnancies
20 per 1000
usually in second half of pregnancy; may or may not have symptoms; can present problems for mother and baby; mothers at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life
Gestational diabetes
Pregnancy-related high blood pressure; several other symptoms
(Protein in urine; face and hands swelling; sudden weight gain; blurred vision; severe headaches; dizziness; stomach pain); cure is delivery of the baby
Preeclampsia
Preterm labor and delivery is labor before week _____
37
Pregnancy that ends before 20th week
miscarriage
Defined as intrauterine death of fetus
stillbirth
Three distinctive signs of labor
1) Uterine contractions every 5 minutes
2) Rupture of the membranes: leak of fluids
3) Bloody show: passage of mucous plug of cervix when cervix dilates
stage of labor: the onset of labor to full dilation of the cervix
stage I
stage of labor: begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends with the birth of the baby
stage II
stage of labor: the delivery of the afterbirth, or placenta
stage III
Nondrug strategies for support during childbirth (3):
- Comfort measures
- Mental strategies
- Medications
type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected through a catheter beside the spinal cord
Epidural
type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected directly into the spinal canal
spinal
type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected into area around the vagina and perineum
pudendal
Surgical incisions made in both the wall of the mother’s abdomen and her uterus
Cesarean Delivery
C-section rates have _______ since the beginning of the 2000s
increasing
_____% of women in their 40s are childless
16%
Defined as not being able to get pregnant after trying for 1 year
infertility
Women aged 25 to 44: _____% used infertility services between 2006–2010.
17%
Female infertility =
Ovulation disorder
female infertility rate:
25 - 35% of couples`
Male infertility =
Azoospermia, oligospermia
male infertility rate:
25 - 35% of couples`
ART =
Assisted reproductive technologies
