Ch. 2 (economics of women's hlth) Flashcards
Average annual spending on health care in the United States is _______ per person. That is ____% of all spending in the U.S.
$9,146; 18%
T/F: Healthcare costs are rising faster than inflation.
true
T/F: the out-of-pocket costs the national health expenditure is rising with the costs of insurance.
false (it’s staying relatively the same)
what act is “Obamacare” ?
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
PPACA caused _________, not _______
evolution; revolution
what has PPACA done (4)?
- expanded coverage to millions of Americans (but many more remain uninsured or underinsured)
- Increases government coverage of the poor and near-poor (Medicaid)
- States offer “exchanges” where employers and individuals can buy insurance.
- Reduction in some Medicare payments (from the government to hospitals)
T/F: Numerous Republican-led attempts to curtail or dismantle PPACA, but has stayed largely intact.
true
Legal and judicial efforts to stop PPACA (as of 2019) have been _________
unsuccessful
Legal and judicial efforts have been able to ______ ______ at PPACA, however-Medicaid expansion
chip away
PPACA has _______ legal future (will it be overturned? strengthened? Replaced with universal coverage?)
uncertain
Where Do People Get Their Insurance (in order of majority of ppl - 5)?
- employer
- medicaid
- uninsured
- private
- public
what age group gets the majority of Medicare coverage?
65 - 74
an increasing majority of Medicare beneficiaries are _______.
women
Provides health insurance for low-income Americans
Medicaid
medicaid is administered by federal and state governments, but largely run at the _______ level
state
Majority of recipients of Medicaid are low-income _______ and ________
women and children
Medicaid and CHIP cover over _____ _________ people
90 million
Qualifications of Medicaid (4):
- Income status
- Level of disability
- Need for long-term care
- Dependent of a Medicaid recipient
Basic services of Medicaid (6):
- Inpatient and outpatient medical care
- Laboratory + X-ray services
- Chronic care facilities (for persons older than 21 years)
- Home health care for nursing facility services
- Services provided by a physician or nurse practitioner
- Necessary transportation
____ ______ people were uninsured in 2016.
27 million
T/F: in 2016, 27 million people were uninsured. This is the HIGHEST level in the last 20 years, due to the PPACA.
false (lowest)
Rates of uninsured dropped most dramatically in people aged ____- _____, with current rates at 21% versus 34% prior to the law’s enactment (stay on parent’s insurance until 26).
19–25
there’s a higher prevalence of uninsured individuals in what ethnic groups?
African and Hispanic Americans
_____% of children younger than 18 are uninsured.
10%
_____ _________ Americans were uninsured for all of 2004—more than the populations of Texas, Florida, and Connecticut combined.
45.8 million
T/F: the amount of uninsured Americans is roughly evenly split between male and female
true
if you’re an uninsured American, you’re more likely to be _______ or _______ (race*)
Black or Hispanic
also, you’re more likely to be _______ or _____________ if you’re an uninsured American
poor or living near the poverty line
consequences of being uninsured (4):
- Significant financial risk if require emergency care (less likely to seek care until emergency – much more expensive)
- Avoidance of preventive care and proper follow-up care
- Ineligible for discounted pricing structures
- Significantly less access to care
RESULTS of being uninsured (4):
- poorer health
- higher hospitalization rates
- more advanced disease states
- earlier deaths
Women make ____% of health-related decisions for their families.
90%
T/F: Women earn more than $1 trillion annually.
true
More than _____% of women manage their household bills, compared with ___% of men.
68%; 55%
Increased participation in workforce and government from women = growing ________ ________
economic power (women making bigger decisions)
where can universal healthcare be found in the world?
Canada and the United Kingdom + many parts of Europe
Proponents of Universal healthcare =
Health care is a right, not a privilege and should be available to all citizens.
Opponents of Universal healthcare (2):
- Overly costly approach
- Prefer private sector to manage and fund health care through a free-market approach
T/F: Women put a bigger burden on healthcare because we live longer
true
Average life expectancy (2012) =
78 years
average life expectancy for WOMEN =
80 years
average life expectancy for MEN =
74 years
Burden of aging rests on _______.
women
burdens of aging on women (3):
- Without support of spouses
- More likely to suffer from chronic disease
- Increased need for prescription drugs, specialty medical assistance, medical equipment (walkers, etc.)
Long-term care: Annual cost for home care is > $_________.
$20,000
Long-term care: Annual cost for nursing home care is > $_________.
$74,000
Most older women in nursing homes spend down their life savings to pay for services (home care/nursing home care) until ________ begins to cover the remaining costs of care.
Medicaid
T/F: Less and less family members are taking care of family members when they get older (especially in the US); this is due to more women working today
true
negative effects that women as care-givers suffer from (3):
- Chronic health conditions
- Depression
- Sleeplessness
