Ch. 8 - Classical Conditioning Flashcards
How is classical/respondent conditioning different from operant conditioning (defined by the text)?
Respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli. Operant conditioning involves the manipulation of consequences.
Define an unconditioned response (UR).
A bodily response that certain types of stimuli elicit (unconditioned stimulus, US).
Give an example of a UR.
- gag reflex
- startle reflex
- blinking when air is puffed in eye
Define the US, UR, NS CS and CR for Pavlov’s dog experiment.
US: meat powder UR - initial: salivation NS - initial: metronome CS - outcome: metronome CR- outcome: salivation
What is trace conditioning?
the NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented
In what type of classical conditioning is the NS presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends?
Delay conditioning
What is the least effective type of classical conditioning? Define it.
Backward conditioning: the US is presented before the NS
Define simultaneous conditioning?
the NS and US are presented at the same time.
What are the two most effective types of classical conditioning?
Delay and trace
In what type of conditioning is the temporal proximity of the NS and US NOT important?
Taste aversion
What famous experiment is an example of a conditioned emotional response?
Little Albert
Why can there be some difficulty in measuring the emotional responses of CER?
Some responses are covert (However, some physiological covert responses can be measured)
What is respondent extinction?
extinction of a CR
How does respondent extinction occur?
The repeated presentation of the CS with out presenting the US. If the CS continues to occur in the absence of the US, the CR eventually decreases in intensity and they stops.
What is discrimination?
Situation in which the CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CS’s
What is generalization?
A number of similar CS’s or a broader range elicit the same CR
How can generalization become enhanced during conditioning?
A number of similar stimuli are paired initially with the US.
The strength of conditioning depends on…
- the nature (intensity) of the US and CS
- the temporal relationship between the US and CS
- the number of pairings
- contingency between the US and CS
- previous exposure to the CS
In general, if the nature or intensity of the US increases then…
the effectiveness of conditioning increases as well.
We say the are more intense stimulus is more ____.
Salient
A stimulus is ____ likely to become a CS when paired with a US if the person has been exposed to that stimulus in the past without the US.
LESS
In lecture, the unconditioned stimulus is defined as…
a pre-existing environmental trigger
In lecture, the unconditioned response is defined as…
a response to the US, a reflex that is already present
In lecture, the neutral stimulus is defined as…
the stimulus that precedes the US… the stimulus that becomes the CS but is initially neutral.
What is the classical conditioning paradigm?
(During conditioning)
NS and US are presented together, resulting in the UR
(After conditioning)
CS: stimulus that, though initially neutral, comes to elicit a response
CR: a response that comes to be elicited from the CS
What aspect of society thrives on using conditioned emotional responses?
Marketing; associating products/brands (NS–>CS) with good stimuli and emotions (US/UR)
Are fears considered intrinsic?
No, most fears are learned and very few fears are built into is.
Descrive phobias in terms of conditioning.
Initial trauma (US+UR) create an irrational fear to an otherwise neutral stimulus (CS+CR)
What reflex response occurs before conditioning?
UR
What stimulus elicits the UR before conditioning?
US
What reflex response occurs as a result of conditioning?
CR
What stimuli elicits the CR?
NS–>CS
In lecture, what was the defined difference between operant and respondent conditioning?
Operant behaviours operate on the environment in order to produce a desired outcome.
Respondent behaviours anticipate changes in the environment predicted b stimuli that normally come before them.
Describe drug taking behaviours in terms of classical conditioning.
US: pharmacological/chemical stimulation of the drug
UR: physiological effects of drug
CS: cues related to drug taking (ex. location, paraphernalia)
CR: physiological effects (compensatory response) following exposure to strongly associated CS
