Ch. 17 - Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost

Question 1

When are punishment procedures used?

Answer 1

When functional interventions (extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent manipulations) have been implemented or considered.

Question 2

What is a time-out?

Answer 2

The loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the problem behaviour.

Question 3

What is time-out short for?

Answer 3

Time-out from positive reinforcement.

Question 4

What are the two types of time-out?

Answer 4

Non-exclusionary and exclusionary.

Question 5

What is are non-exclusionary time-outs?

Answer 5

Where the subject does not leave the room, but are removed from the reinforcing activity.

Question 6

What are exclusionary time-outs?

Answer 6

The subject is removed from the room and is void of all reinforcement or interaction.

Question 7

When are non-exclusionary time-outs used?

Answer 7

When the subject will not be a distraction to others.

Question 8

What are the 7 considerations when using a time-out?

Answer 8

The function of the problem behaviour, the practicality of a time-out, the safety of the time-out, the brevity of the time-out, preventing escape from the time-out, avoiding interactions during time-outs, and the acceptability of time-outs in the given situation.

Question 9

Why is it important to consider the function of the problem behaviour before time-outs?

Answer 9

Time-outs are only appropriate if the time-in was positively reinforcing the problem behaviour.

Question 10

When is a time-out inappropriate?

Answer 10

If the problem behaviour is maintained by negative reinforcement (i.e., taking them away from the stimulation).

Question 11

When is a time-out practical?

Answer 11

When change agents can implement the procedure successfully and the physical environment is conducive to its use.

Question 12

What is the normal duration of a time-out?

Answer 12

1-10 minutes.

Question 13

What is a contingent delay?

Answer 13

When the time-out is extended (10sec - 1min) in order to prevent from negatively reinforcing the problem behaviour.

Question 14

What is contingent observation?

Answer 14

A form of time-out where the subject must watch others engage in the reinforcing activity.

Question 15

What is a response cost?

Answer 15

The removal of a specific amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of a problem behaviour.

Question 16

What should always be used in contingence with punishment?

Answer 16

Differential reinforcement.

Question 17

What are 4 considerations when using response costs?

Answer 17

Which reinforcer will be removed, whether the reinforcer loss is immediate or delayed, whether the loss is ethical, and whether or not the response cost is practical and acceptable.