Ch. 15 - Differential Reinforcement Flashcards
Differential reinforcement procedures involve…
applying reinforcement and extinction to increase the occurrence of a desirable target behaviour or to decrease the occurrence undesirable behaviours
What is DRA?
Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour; behavioural procedure used to increase the frequency of a desirable behaviour and to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
What are the 3 types of reinforcer assessment?
Single stimulus assessment, Paired stimulus assessment, Multiple stimulus assessment
What is single stimulus assessment?
each potential reinforcer is presented, one at a time, to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not. After each stimulus is presented numerous times, the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers
What is paired stimulus assessment?
two potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches. Each stimulus from a pool of potential reinforcers is presented with every other stimulus multiple times and the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers.
What is multiple stimulus assessment?
(multiple stimulus with out replacement procedure) an array of potential reinforcers is presented to the individual, and the researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual approaches or chooses first. This stimulus is them removes from the array and the researcher records which stimulus the individual chooses next. This process continues until all stimuli have been chosen by the individual
What are the steps for DRA?
Define the (un)desirable behaviour, Identify the reinforcer, Reinforce the desirable behaviour immediately and consistently/Eliminate the reinforcer for the undesirable behaviours, Use intermittent reinforcement to maintain the target behaviour, Program for generalization
What are the variations of DRA?
Differential reinforcement of ann incompatible behaviour (DRI) and differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)
What is differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI)?
the alternative behaviour is physically incompatible with the problem behaviour and, therefore, the two behaviours cannot occur at the same time.
What is differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)?
aka functional communication training; the individual with the problem behaviour learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to that problem behaviour. When the communication produces the same reinforcing outcome as the problem behaviour, there is no longer any reason for the problem behaviour to occur.
What is DRO?
Differential reinforcement of other behaviour; the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour. This means that the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behaviour (extinction), but the reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behaviour does not occur.
How do you implement DRO?
identify the reinforcer for the problem behaviour, identify the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure, choose the initial DRO time interval, eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behaviour and deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behaviour, reset the internal if the problem behaviour occurs, gradually increase the internal length
What are the two variations of DRO?
Whole-interval and momentary
What is whole-interval DRO?
the problem behaviour must be absent for the whole internal for the reinforcer to be delivered
What is momentary DRO?
the problem behaviour must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered
What is DRL?
Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding; the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behaviour is decreased to a criterion level. You do not reinforce a lower rate of the problem behaviour.
What are the two variations of DRL?
Full session and spaced responding
What is full session DRL?
fewer than X responses occur in the session,
reinforcer is delivered
What is spaced responding DRL?
there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered
What is stereotypic behaviour?
repetitive behaviour that does not serve any social function for th person
List the characteristics of DRA as given in lecture
Reinforcer is delivered for desirable behaviour, extinction for the problem behaviour, useful alternative to punishment, reinforcement actually identifies what is correct, extinction and punishment cannot, DRA shows the target specifically what is wrong and what is right
A child’s good table manners are reinforced with praise and by passing the requested food. The child’s bad table manners are extinguished by ignoring and not passing food. This example is…
DRA
When do you use DRA?
You want to increase a desirable behaviour and/or decrease undesirable behaviours, the desirable behaviour already occurs at least occasionally or you can prompt it, you have a reinforcer you can use.
When using DRA, what can you consider (lecture)?
Consider manipulating establishing operations to make the reinforcer more potent, the use of rules or instructions and using the premack principle
What is the Premack Principle?
High-probability behaviours can be used to reinforce lower-probability behaviours
How does the Premack Principle help with DRA?
Takes advantage of the fact that organisms array their behaviours preferentially
DRO is also called…
differential reinforcement of zero rate of behaviour
Breaks from academic tasks delivered every 20 minutes for the absence of problem behaviours is an example of…
DRO
What distinguishes DRO from DRA?
DRA increases appropriate behaviour while decreasing problem behaviour, DRO may lead to sharper decreases in problem behaviour, momentary DRO can be easier to implement
What distinguishes DRL and DRO?
DRO - at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior.
DRL - at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response.
In DRO and DRL, a response before the end of the interval resets the interval.
