Ch. 15 - Differential Reinforcement

Question 1

Differential reinforcement procedures involve…

Answer 1

applying reinforcement and extinction to increase the occurrence of a desirable target behaviour or to decrease the occurrence undesirable behaviours

Question 2

What is DRA?

Answer 2

Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour; behavioural procedure used to increase the frequency of a desirable behaviour and to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours

Question 3

What are the 3 types of reinforcer assessment?

Answer 3

Single stimulus assessment, Paired stimulus assessment, Multiple stimulus assessment

Question 4

What is single stimulus assessment?

Answer 4

each potential reinforcer is presented, one at a time, to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not. After each stimulus is presented numerous times, the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers

Question 5

What is paired stimulus assessment?

Answer 5

two potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches. Each stimulus from a pool of potential reinforcers is presented with every other stimulus multiple times and the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers.

Question 6

What is multiple stimulus assessment?

Answer 6

(multiple stimulus with out replacement procedure) an array of potential reinforcers is presented to the individual, and the researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual approaches or chooses first. This stimulus is them removes from the array and the researcher records which stimulus the individual chooses next. This process continues until all stimuli have been chosen by the individual

Question 7

What are the steps for DRA?

Answer 7

Define the (un)desirable behaviour, Identify the reinforcer, Reinforce the desirable behaviour immediately and consistently/Eliminate the reinforcer for the undesirable behaviours, Use intermittent reinforcement to maintain the target behaviour, Program for generalization

Question 8

What are the variations of DRA?

Answer 8

Differential reinforcement of ann incompatible behaviour (DRI) and differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)

Question 9

What is differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI)?

Answer 9

the alternative behaviour is physically incompatible with the problem behaviour and, therefore, the two behaviours cannot occur at the same time.

Question 10

What is differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)?

Answer 10

aka functional communication training; the individual with the problem behaviour learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to that problem behaviour. When the communication produces the same reinforcing outcome as the problem behaviour, there is no longer any reason for the problem behaviour to occur.

Question 11

What is DRO?

Answer 11

Differential reinforcement of other behaviour; the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour. This means that the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behaviour (extinction), but the reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behaviour does not occur.

Question 12

How do you implement DRO?

Answer 12

identify the reinforcer for the problem behaviour, identify the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure, choose the initial DRO time interval, eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behaviour and deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behaviour, reset the internal if the problem behaviour occurs, gradually increase the internal length

Question 13

What are the two variations of DRO?

Answer 13

Whole-interval and momentary

Question 14

What is whole-interval DRO?

Answer 14

the problem behaviour must be absent for the whole internal for the reinforcer to be delivered

Question 15

What is momentary DRO?

Answer 15

the problem behaviour must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered

Question 16

What is DRL?

Answer 16

Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding; the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behaviour is decreased to a criterion level. You do not reinforce a lower rate of the problem behaviour.

Question 17

What are the two variations of DRL?

Answer 17

Full session and spaced responding

Question 18

What is full session DRL?

Answer 18

fewer than X responses occur in the session,

reinforcer is delivered

Question 19

What is spaced responding DRL?

Answer 19

there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered

Question 20

What is stereotypic behaviour?

Answer 20

repetitive behaviour that does not serve any social function for th person

Question 21

List the characteristics of DRA as given in lecture

Answer 21

Reinforcer is delivered for desirable behaviour, extinction for the problem behaviour, useful alternative to punishment, reinforcement actually identifies what is correct, extinction and punishment cannot, DRA shows the target specifically what is wrong and what is right

Question 22

A child’s good table manners are reinforced with praise and by passing the requested food. The child’s bad table manners are extinguished by ignoring and not passing food. This example is…

Answer 22

DRA

Question 23

When do you use DRA?

Answer 23

You want to increase a desirable behaviour and/or decrease undesirable behaviours, the desirable behaviour already occurs at least occasionally or you can prompt it, you have a reinforcer you can use.

Question 24

When using DRA, what can you consider (lecture)?

Answer 24

Consider manipulating establishing operations to make the reinforcer more potent, the use of rules or instructions and using the premack principle

Question 25

What is the Premack Principle?

Answer 25

High-probability behaviours can be used to reinforce lower-probability behaviours

Question 26

How does the Premack Principle help with DRA?

Answer 26

Takes advantage of the fact that organisms array their behaviours preferentially

Question 27

DRO is also called…

Answer 27

differential reinforcement of zero rate of behaviour

Question 28

Breaks from academic tasks delivered every 20 minutes for the absence of problem behaviours is an example of…

Answer 28

DRO

Question 29

What distinguishes DRO from DRA?

Answer 29

DRA increases appropriate behaviour while decreasing problem behaviour, DRO may lead to sharper decreases in problem behaviour, momentary DRO can be easier to implement

Question 30

What distinguishes DRL and DRO?

Answer 30

DRO - at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior.
DRL - at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response.
In DRO and DRL, a response before the end of the interval resets the interval.