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J - PSYCO 282 (1/2) > Ch. 2 - Observing Behaviour > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Observing Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is direct assessment?

A

A person observes and records the target behaviour as it occurs.

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2
Q

What is indirect assessment?

A

Involves using interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales to obtain information on the target behaviour either from the person exhibiting the behaviour or from others.

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3
Q

What is the main downside of indirect assessment?

A

It relies on people’s memory.

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4
Q

Which assessment method is most often used?

A

Direct assessment.

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5
Q

What is the potential downside of direct assessment?

A

The observer must be in close proximity to the target, which can cause reactivity issues.

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6
Q

What are the four steps to developing a behaviour recording plan?

A
  1. Define the target behaviour.
  2. Determine the logistics
  3. Choose a recording method
  4. Choose a recording instrument
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7
Q

What does defining the target behaviour involve?

A

Identifying exactly what the person say so does that constitutes the behaviour excess or deficit.

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8
Q

What does a behavioural definition include?

A

Active verbs describing specific behaviours.

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9
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a behavioural definition?

A

Objective and unambiguous.

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10
Q

What do behavioural definitions not do?

A

Include internal states/emotions or make inferences about intentions.

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11
Q

Is being angry a behavioural definition?

A

No, but actions associated with anger may be.

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12
Q

What is the primary problem with labels?

A

They can be incorrectly used as explanations for behaviour.

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13
Q

What is an example of someone using a label as an explanation for behaviour?

A

Explaining someone’s repetition of syllables “because they have a stutter.” The stutter is not the reason for the repetition, it is the label we assign to it.

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14
Q

What is interobserver agreement?

A

Two independent observers agreeing on the number/duration of behaviour instances.

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15
Q

What are the two types of observers?

A

Independent observer and self-monitoring.

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16
Q

What do both independent observers and self-monitors have in common?

A

They both need to be trained to identify the target behaviour immediately.

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17
Q

What is the observation period?

A

The time when the observer records the target behaviour.

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18
Q

How may an appropriate observation period determined?

A

Through indirect assessment.

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19
Q

What are the two types of settings in which an observation period can take place?

A

Natural and analogue.

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20
Q

What is the difference between natural and analogue settings?

A

Natural settings are where the target behaviour normally occurs, analogue settings are in a place not part of the daily routine (e.g., clinic or play room).

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21
Q

Which type of setting is more likely to provide a representative sample for target behaviour occurrence?

A

A natural setting.

22
Q

What are the two types of observation?

A

Structured and unstructured.

23
Q

What is structured observation?

A

Where the observer arranges specific events or activities to occur during the observation period.

24
Q

What is an unstructured behaviour?

A

Where observation involves not specific events or instructions.

25
Q

What are the four recording methods?

A

Continuous, product, interval, and time sample.

26
Q

What is continuous recording?

A

The client is overspeed throughout the observation period and records each instance of the behaviour.

27
Q

What must an observer be able to do?

A

Identify the onset and offset of the behaviour as well as label the various dimensions of behaviour.

28
Q

What are the 4 main dimensions of behaviour?

A

Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency.

29
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs in an observation period.

30
Q

What is duration?

A

The total amount of time occupied by the behaviour from start to finish.

31
Q

What is intensity?

A

The amount of force, energy, or exertion involved in a behaviour.

32
Q

What is latency?

A

The time from some stimulus or event to the onset of the behaviour.

33
Q

What is real-time recording?

A

A method in which the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is recorded.

34
Q

What is a baseline?

A

The period in which the target behaviour is recorded before treatment is implemented.

35
Q

What is rate as it pertains to behaviours?

A

The number of responses over time.

36
Q

What is fluency as it pertains to behaviours?

A

How many errors are made.

37
Q

What is product recording?

A

An indirect assessment method that can used when a behaviour results in a certain tangible outcome that one is interested in.

38
Q

What is interval recording?

A

Recording whether the behaviour occurred during consecutive time periods.

39
Q

What is the process for interval recording?

A

The observer divides the observation period into a number of smaller time periods, observes the client throughout each interval, and then records whether the behaviour occurred within that interval.

40
Q

What is partial interval recording interested in and not interested in?

A

It is not interested in frequency or duration, only whether or not the behaviour occurred.

41
Q

What is time sample recording?

A

Involves dividing the observation period into inverts, but observing and recording behaviour only during part of each interval.

42
Q

How is behaviour reported in a time sample recording?

A

As a percentage of the interval in which the behaviour occurred.

43
Q

What is reactivity?

A

When the process of recording the behaviour can change the behaviour before treatment is implemented.

44
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce reactivity?

A

By waiting for the target to become accustomed to the observer’s presence or by observing without the target’s knowledge.

45
Q

What does self-monitoring sometimes result in?

A

A change in the target behaviour towards the desired outcome.

46
Q

How is interobserver agreement (IOA) evaluated?

A

Two people independently observe and record the same target behaviour of a subject during the same observation period. The recordings of the observers are compared.

47
Q

What are the minimal and recommended percentage of agreement for IOA?

A

80% minimum, 90% recommended.

48
Q

How is frequency IOA calculated?

A

The smaller number of observations divided by the larger number.

49
Q

How is duration IOA calculated?

A

The smaller duration divided by the larger duration.

50
Q

How is interval IOA calculated?

A

The number of intervals with agreement by the total number of agreements.

J - PSYCO 282 (1/2) (19 decks)

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