Ch. 19 - Generalization

Question 1

When would generalization fail?

Answer 1

When the training stimuli is not similar enough to the stimuli in the target situation.

Question 2

Define generalization.

Answer 2

The behaviour in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some way to the discriminative stimuli.

Question 3

How would you encourage generalization by reinforcing occurrences?

Answer 3

You would reinforce the behaviour when it occurs outside the training situation in the presence of relevant stimuli.

Question 4

How would you encourage generalization by training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement?

Answer 4

Find out what is naturally reinforcing in a community setting, and use this instead of directly reinforcing occurrences.

Question 5

How would you encourage generalization by modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment?

Answer 5

Instruct those around the individual to reinforce or punish certain behaviour.

Question 6

What are stimulus exemplars?

Answer 6

Stimuli that represents range of relevant stimulus situations in which the response is to occur after training.

Question 7

How would you encourage generalization by incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training?

Answer 7

If the learner is trained to respond correctly to a range of different stimulus situations, then the behaviour is likely to generalize to all relevant stimulus situations.

Question 8

What is general case programming?

Answer 8

Using multiple training examples that sample the range of relevant stimulus situations and response variations.

Question 9

How would you encourage generalization by incorporating common stimuli?

Answer 9

Incorporate stimuli from the generalization environment into the training situation.

Question 10

How would you encourage generalization by teaching functionally equivalent responses?

Answer 10

By teaching two different actions that accomplish the same thing, you increase the chances of generalization.

Question 11

What are functionally equivalent responses?

Answer 11

Different responses that achieve the same outcome.

Question 12

Define mediator of generalization

Answer 12

A stimulus that is maintained and transported by the client as part of treatment.

Question 13

How would you encourage generalization by incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization?

Answer 13

When a mediator recites rules to themselves. in order to generalize a certain behaviour in another person.

Question 14

Give examples of various mediators of generalization.

Answer 14

• Self-recording.

- Self-instruction.

Question 15

Give the 4 steps to be used in implementing generalization:

Answer 15

1. Identify target stimulus situations for the behaviour.
2. Identify natural contingencies of reinforcement for the behaviour.
3. Implement appropriate strategies to promote generalization.
4. Measure generalization of behaviour change.

Question 16

Three Term Contingency.

Answer 16

SD->Behaviour->Consequence.

Question 17

To achieve a generalized reduction in problem behaviour, the focus of intervention efforts should be on developing appropriate ___ ___ ___ ___ as replacements for the problem behaviour.

Answer 17

Functionally equivalent alternate behaviours.

Question 18

Give the 4 steps to be used in achieving a generalized reduction in problem behaviours.

Answer 18

1. Conduct a functional assessment.
2. Plan for generalization in advance.
3. Focus on functionally equivalent alternate behaviours to replace the problem behaviours.
4. Maintain extinction (or punishment) contingencies across situations and over time.