Ch 8

Question 1

believing that a stimulus response theory of psychology can account for all of the overt behaviors that psychologist seek to explain

Answer 1

Radical Behaviorism

Question 2

All knowledge originates in experience

Answer 2

Empiricism

Question 3

a form of learning in which a response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

a stimulus that normally elicits a particular reflex or automatic response

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

a reflex or automatic response to a stimulus

Answer 5

unconditioned response

Question 6

a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a response

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

a response that becomes associated with a stimulus through learning

Answer 7

conditioned response

Question 8

a movement in psychology founded by John Watson. The study of overt rather than covert behavior

Answer 8

behaviorism

Question 9

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

Answer 9

behaviorism

Question 10

when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again

Answer 10

law of effect

Question 11

learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently

Answer 11

habit

Question 12

the primary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits

Answer 12

drive reduction

Question 13

a strong stimulus that produces discomfort, such as hunger

Answer 13

drive

Question 14

Associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, such as hunger, thirst, and the need to sleep

Answer 14

primary drive

Question 15

a drive that is learned or acquired on the basis of a primary drive

Answer 15

secondary drive

Question 16

any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response

Answer 16

reinforcer

Question 17

reduce primary drives, such as food, water, and sleep

Answer 17

primary reinforcer

Question 18

originally neutral, but acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 18

secondary reinforcer

Question 19

a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond

Answer 19

cue

Question 20

inhibits a response, enabling another response to grow stronger and supersede it in the response hierarchy

Answer 20

extinction

Question 21

if present responses are not reinforcing, the individual is placed in a _______.

Answer 21

learning dilemma

Question 22

_____ occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked

Answer 22

frustration

Question 23

of lower order than humans, animals

Answer 23

infrahuman species

Question 24

unaware of certain drives or cues because they

Answer 24

unconscious procecess

Question 25

The introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive responses

Answer 25

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 26

Condition to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and substitute any response

Answer 26

Systematic desensitization

Question 27

______ Can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment

Answer 27

Overt behavior

Question 28

Anything that increases the likelihood is of a response

Answer 28

Reinforcement

Question 29

Reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli

Answer 29

Respondent behavior

Question 30

Responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present

Answer 30

Operant Behavior

Question 31

The process by which an operant Response becomes associated with a reinforcement through learning

Answer 31

Operant conditioning

Question 32

A process by which an organism‘s behavior is gradually molded until it approximate the desired behavior

Answer 32

Shaping

Question 33

The ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced

Answer 33

Discrimination

Question 34

The application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation

Answer 34

Generalization

Question 35

The program for increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a particular response

Answer 35

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 36

The desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs

Answer 36

Continuous reinforcement

Question 37

The organism is reinforced after a certain time. Has elapsed, regardless of the response rate

Answer 37

Interval reinforcement

Question 38

the same time period elapses each time

Answer 38

fixed

Question 39

The time may differ in length

Answer 39

Variable

Question 40

The rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits

Answer 40

Ratio reinforcement

Question 41

The number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging

Answer 41

Fixed

Question 42

The number of appropriate operant behaviors prior to enforcement changes from time to time

Answer 42

Variable

Question 43

Learned reinforcers that have power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors

Answer 43

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 44

When a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future

Answer 44

Positive reinforcement

Question 45

When a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in a similar situation

Answer 45

Negative reinforcement

Question 46

When a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it

Answer 46

Punishment

Question 47

Entails permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it

Answer 47

Satiation

Question 48

seeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur

Answer 48

Behavior modifications

Question 49

Behaviorally engineered society designed by a benevolent psychologist who employed a program of positive reinforcements

Answer 49

Walden II

Question 50

A community based on Skinerian principles in which individuals are rewarded for appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for various privileges

Answer 50

Token economy

Question 51

detailed theory of personality tat translates personality concepts into behavioral languages

Answer 51

Psychological behaviorism

Question 52

Based on experience and observation

Answer 52

empirical

Question 53

a law formulated by Thorndike that states that a behavior or a performance accompanied by satisfaction tends to increase and a behavior or performance accompanied by frustration tends to decrease

Answer 53

law of effect

Question 54

a concept formulated by Hull that suggests that learning occurs only if an organism's response is followed by the reduction of some need to drive

Answer 54

drive reduction