Ch 8 Flashcards
believing that a stimulus response theory of psychology can account for all of the overt behaviors that psychologist seek to explain
Radical Behaviorism
All knowledge originates in experience
Empiricism
a form of learning in which a response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus
classical conditioning
a stimulus that normally elicits a particular reflex or automatic response
unconditioned stimulus
a reflex or automatic response to a stimulus
unconditioned response
a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a response
conditioned stimulus
a response that becomes associated with a stimulus through learning
conditioned response
a movement in psychology founded by John Watson. The study of overt rather than covert behavior
behaviorism
the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
behaviorism
when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again
law of effect
learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently
habit
the primary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits
drive reduction
a strong stimulus that produces discomfort, such as hunger
drive
Associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, such as hunger, thirst, and the need to sleep
primary drive
a drive that is learned or acquired on the basis of a primary drive
secondary drive
any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response
reinforcer
reduce primary drives, such as food, water, and sleep
primary reinforcer
originally neutral, but acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcer
a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond
cue
inhibits a response, enabling another response to grow stronger and supersede it in the response hierarchy
extinction
if present responses are not reinforcing, the individual is placed in a _______.
learning dilemma
_____ occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked
frustration
of lower order than humans, animals
infrahuman species
unaware of certain drives or cues because they
unconscious procecess
The introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive responses
Reciprocal inhibition
Condition to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and substitute any response
Systematic desensitization
______ Can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment
Overt behavior
Anything that increases the likelihood is of a response
Reinforcement
Reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli
Respondent behavior
Responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present
Operant Behavior
The process by which an operant Response becomes associated with a reinforcement through learning
Operant conditioning
A process by which an organism‘s behavior is gradually molded until it approximate the desired behavior
Shaping
The ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced
Discrimination
The application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation
Generalization
The program for increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a particular response
Schedule of reinforcement
The desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
The organism is reinforced after a certain time. Has elapsed, regardless of the response rate
Interval reinforcement
the same time period elapses each time
fixed
The time may differ in length
Variable
The rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits
Ratio reinforcement
The number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging
Fixed
The number of appropriate operant behaviors prior to enforcement changes from time to time
Variable
Learned reinforcers that have power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors
Generalized conditioned reinforcers
When a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future
Positive reinforcement
When a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in a similar situation
Negative reinforcement
When a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it
Punishment
Entails permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it
Satiation
seeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur
Behavior modifications
Behaviorally engineered society designed by a benevolent psychologist who employed a program of positive reinforcements
Walden II
A community based on Skinerian principles in which individuals are rewarded for appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for various privileges
Token economy
detailed theory of personality tat translates personality concepts into behavioral languages
Psychological behaviorism
Based on experience and observation
empirical
a law formulated by Thorndike that states that a behavior or a performance accompanied by satisfaction tends to increase and a behavior or performance accompanied by frustration tends to decrease
law of effect
a concept formulated by Hull that suggests that learning occurs only if an organism’s response is followed by the reduction of some need to drive
drive reduction
