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Psyc Personality > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

believing that a stimulus response theory of psychology can account for all of the overt behaviors that psychologist seek to explain

A

Radical Behaviorism

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2
Q

All knowledge originates in experience

A

Empiricism

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3
Q

a form of learning in which a response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

a stimulus that normally elicits a particular reflex or automatic response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

a reflex or automatic response to a stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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6
Q

a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a response

A

conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

a response that becomes associated with a stimulus through learning

A

conditioned response

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8
Q

a movement in psychology founded by John Watson. The study of overt rather than covert behavior

A

behaviorism

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9
Q

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

A

behaviorism

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10
Q

when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again

A

law of effect

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11
Q

learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently

A

habit

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12
Q

the primary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits

A

drive reduction

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13
Q

a strong stimulus that produces discomfort, such as hunger

A

drive

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14
Q

Associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, such as hunger, thirst, and the need to sleep

A

primary drive

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15
Q

a drive that is learned or acquired on the basis of a primary drive

A

secondary drive

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16
Q

any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response

A

reinforcer

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17
Q

reduce primary drives, such as food, water, and sleep

A

primary reinforcer

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18
Q

originally neutral, but acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers

A

secondary reinforcer

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19
Q

a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond

A

cue

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20
Q

inhibits a response, enabling another response to grow stronger and supersede it in the response hierarchy

A

extinction

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21
Q

if present responses are not reinforcing, the individual is placed in a _______.

A

learning dilemma

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22
Q

_____ occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked

A

frustration

23
Q

of lower order than humans, animals

A

infrahuman species

24
Q

unaware of certain drives or cues because they

A

unconscious procecess

25
Q

The introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive responses

A

Reciprocal inhibition

26
Q

Condition to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and substitute any response

A

Systematic desensitization

27
Q

______ Can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment

A

Overt behavior

28
Q

Anything that increases the likelihood is of a response

A

Reinforcement

29
Q

Reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli

A

Respondent behavior

30
Q

Responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present

A

Operant Behavior

31
Q

The process by which an operant Response becomes associated with a reinforcement through learning

A

Operant conditioning

32
Q

A process by which an organism‘s behavior is gradually molded until it approximate the desired behavior

A

Shaping

33
Q

The ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced

A

Discrimination

34
Q

The application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation

A

Generalization

35
Q

The program for increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a particular response

A

Schedule of reinforcement

36
Q

The desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs

A

Continuous reinforcement

37
Q

The organism is reinforced after a certain time. Has elapsed, regardless of the response rate

A

Interval reinforcement

38
Q

the same time period elapses each time

A

fixed

39
Q

The time may differ in length

A

Variable

40
Q

The rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits

A

Ratio reinforcement

41
Q

The number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging

A

Fixed

42
Q

The number of appropriate operant behaviors prior to enforcement changes from time to time

A

Variable

43
Q

Learned reinforcers that have power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors

A

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

44
Q

When a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future

A

Positive reinforcement

45
Q

When a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in a similar situation

A

Negative reinforcement

46
Q

When a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it

A

Punishment

47
Q

Entails permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it

A

Satiation

48
Q

seeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur

A

Behavior modifications

49
Q

Behaviorally engineered society designed by a benevolent psychologist who employed a program of positive reinforcements

A

Walden II

50
Q

A community based on Skinerian principles in which individuals are rewarded for appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for various privileges

A

Token economy

51
Q

detailed theory of personality tat translates personality concepts into behavioral languages

A

Psychological behaviorism

52
Q

Based on experience and observation

A

empirical

53
Q

a law formulated by Thorndike that states that a behavior or a performance accompanied by satisfaction tends to increase and a behavior or performance accompanied by frustration tends to decrease

A

law of effect

54
Q

a concept formulated by Hull that suggests that learning occurs only if an organism’s response is followed by the reduction of some need to drive

A

drive reduction

Psyc Personality (16 decks)

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