15&16 powerpoint Flashcards
Personal constructs
hypotheses that make the world meaningful to us
Personal construct theory
If constructs appear to fit our subsequent experience, we find them useful and hold onto them
If the construct does not lead to behaviors that help us adjust to events in the world, we will seek to alter or change the construct
Constructive Alternativism
Philosophical position suggested that any one event is open to a number of possible interpretations
construction
people anticipate events by interpreting
organization
people develop an organized system of constructs
dichotomy
contructs are of a bipolar nature
choice
people choose from among alternatives the most useful construct
range
each construct has a limited range or focus
experience
constructs are changed in the light of experience
modulation
constructs are open to change and alteration
fragmentation
people may use constructs that seem to be incompatible
communality
communication is based on similar personal constructs
sociability
social interaction entails understanding constructs
self construct
Based primarily on what we perceive as consistencies in our own behavior
Role
Process or behavior that people engage in based on their understanding of the behavior and constructs of others
Development
Based one’s choice of constructs and is viewed in psychological rather than biological terms
Role Construct Repertory Tests (Rep Test)
Person reveals constructs by comparing and contrasting a number of significant persons in his or her life
Research focused on cognitive complexity
Psychotherapy
Psychological disorders arise when a person clings to and continues to use personal constructs in spite of the fact that subsequent experience fails to validate them
Therapeutic techniques as “reconstruction”
Role-playing
Fixed-role therapy
Group therapy
Human beings have four fundamental and interrelated processes
Perception
Motivation
Thinking
Emotion
A-B-C theory
suggests how people develop irrational belief systems when a highly charged emotional consequence follows an activating event
Rational Emotive
Behavior Psychotherapy
Goal of therapy is to enable clients to commit themselves to actions that correspond to their true value system
The three main therapeutic processes are:
Cognitive
Emotive-evocative
Behavioral
Desensitization vs
implosive confrontation of anxieties and fears
Cognitive therapy derived from
Phenomenological approach to psychology
Structural theory and depth psychology of Kant and Freud
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive schemas
Structures that consist of an individual’s fundamental core beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates
Automatic thoughts
Involuntary, unintentional, and preconscious thoughts that are hard to regulate
Cognitive therapy based on
theory of personality that maintains that how one thinks largely determines how one feels and behaves
Cognitive distortions
Systematic errors in reasoning
Two dimensions of personality
Sociotropic and autonomous dimensions of personality
Sociotropic dimension characterized by
dependence on interpersonal relationships and need for closeness and nurturance
Autonomous dimension characterized by
independence and organized around goal setting, self-determination, and self-imposed obligations
Cognitive triad
Tendency for depressed individuals to have a negative view of the self, the world, and the future
cognitive distortions
- arbitrary inference
- selective abstraction
- overgeneralization
- magnification and minimization
- personalization
- dichotomous thinking
Cognitive and behavioral methods
Challenge dysfunctional beliefs
Promote more realistic thinking
Hot cognition
Consists of well defined therapeutic techniques that help clients experience affective arousal
Cognitive therapy is
present-centered, directive, active, and problem-oriented
Beck developed many psychometric devices
Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Scale, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, etc.
Beck believed
it was essential that people understand their unrealistic view of the world Modern research has identified the biological correlates to Beck’s cognitive theory
Lazarus says
people have different physical thresholds (tolerance levels for pain, frustration, and stress) and tend to favor some BASIC-ID
BASIC-ID
Comprehensive appraisal of personality
Dyadic behavior
vs. multimodal concepts of maladaptive
BASIC-ID stands for
Behavior Affect Sensation Imagery Cognition Interpersonal Drugs/Biology
Multimodal Therapy
Holistic approach Modality profiles Structural profiles Bridging Tracking Technical eclecticism
“Third Wave” behaviorism emphasizes
mindfulness, noting thoughts and feelings without becoming enmeshed in them
