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AP Psychology > Ch. 7 - Human Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Human Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Amnesia

A

A significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. See also Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde amnesia.

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2
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury.

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3
Q

Attention

A

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.

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4
Q

Chunk

A

A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.

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5
Q

Conceptual hierarchy

A

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.

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6
Q

Connectionist models

A

Models of memory that assume cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. See parallel distributed processing (PDP) models.

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7
Q

Consolidation

A

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.

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8
Q

Declarative memory system

A

Memory for factual information.

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9
Q

Destination memory

A

Recalling to whom one has told what.

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10
Q

Elaboration

A

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.

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11
Q

Encoding

A

Forming a memory code.

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12
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.

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13
Q

Episodic memory system

A

Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.

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14
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.

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15
Q

Forgetting curve

A

A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.

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16
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.

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17
Q

Link method

A

Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

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18
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

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19
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A long-lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway.

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20
Q

Method of loci

A

A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.

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21
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Phenomenon that occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information.

22
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

Strategies for enhancing memory.

23
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Purposeful suppression of memories.

24
Q

Nondeclarative memory system

A

Memory for actions, skills, and operations.

25
Q

Overlearning

A

Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.

26
Q

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models

A

Models of memory that assume cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. Also called connectionist models.

27
Q

Proactive interference

A

A memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.

28
Q

Prospective memory

A

The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.

29
Q

Reality monitoring

A

The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations).

30
Q

Recall

test

A

A memory test that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues.

31
Q

Recognition

A

A memory test that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.

32
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be stored in memory.

33
Q

Relearning

A

A memory test that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.

34
Q

Repression

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

35
Q

Retention

A

The proportion of material retained (remembered).

36
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovering information from memory stores.

37
Q

Retroactive interference

A

A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.

38
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a head injury.

39
Q

Retrospective memory

A

The ability to remember events from the past or previously learned information.

40
Q

Schema

A

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events.

41
Q

Self-referent encoding

A

Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.

42
Q

Semantic memory system

A

General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.

43
Q

Semantic network

A

Concepts joined together by links that show how the concepts are related.

44
Q

Sensory memory

A

The preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.

45
Q

Serial-position effect

A

In memory tests, the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle.

46
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds.

47
Q

Source monitoring

A

The process of making attributions about the origins of memories.

48
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

An error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.

49
Q

Storage

A

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

50
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach.

51
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

The situation that occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measures of attention.

52
Q

working memory capacity (WMC)

A

One’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention.

AP Psychology (16 decks)

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