Ch. 13 - Social Behavior

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

Question 2

Attributions

Answer 2

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior.

Question 3

Bystander effect

Answer 3

A paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.

Question 4

Channel

Answer 4

The medium through which a message is sent.

Question 5

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

A psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent.

Question 6

Collectivism

Answer 6

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.

Question 7

Companionate love

Answer 7

Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.

Question 8

Conformity

Answer 8

The tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure.

Question 9

Defensive attribution

Answer 9

The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Question 11

Explicit attitude

Answer 11

Attitudes that people hold consciously and can readily describe.

Question 12

External attributions

Answer 12

Ascribing the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints.

Question 13

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 13

Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later.

Question 14

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

Observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior.

Question 15

Group

Answer 15

Two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent.

Question 16

Group cohesiveness

Answer 16

The strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself.

Question 17

Group polarization

Answer 17

A phenomenon that occurs when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction.

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

A process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.

Question 19

Illusory correlation

Answer 19

A misperception that occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen.

Question 20

Implicit attitudes

Answer 20

Covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses that people have little conscious control over.

Question 21

Individualism

Answer 21

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

Question 22

Informational influence

Answer 22

Influence that operates when people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations.

Question 23

Ingroup

Answer 23

The group that people belong to and identify with.

Question 24

Internal attributions

Answer 24

Ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.

Question 25

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 25

Positive feelings toward another.

Question 26

Lowball technique

Answer 26

Getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before revealing the hidden costs.

Question 27

Matching hypothesis

Answer 27

The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.

Question 28

Mere exposure effect

Answer 28

The finding that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus.

Question 29

Message

Answer 29

The information transmitted by a source.

Question 30

Normative influence

Answer 30

Influence that operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences.

Question 31

Obedience

Answer 31

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.

Question 32

Outgroup

Answer 32

People who are not part of the ingroup.

Question 33

Passionate love

Answer 33

A complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.

Question 34

Person perception

Answer 34

The process of forming impressions of others.

Question 35

Prejudice

Answer 35

A negative attitude held toward members of a group.

Question 36

Receiver

Answer 36

The person to whom a message is sent.

Question 37

Reciprocity norm

Answer 37

The rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others.

Question 38

Social loafing

Answer 38

A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves.

Question 39

Social psychology

Answer 39

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.

Question 40

Social roles

Answer 40

Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave.

Question 41

Source

Answer 41

The person who sends a communication.

Question 42

Stereotypes

Answer 42

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.