Ch. 5 - Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

Alcohol

Answer 1

A variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol.

Question 2

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Answer 2

The afferent fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal.

Question 3

Biological rhythms

Answer 3

Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning.

Question 4

Cannabis

Answer 4

The hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived.

Question 5

Circadian rhythms

Answer 5

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.

Question 6

Dissociation

Answer 6

A splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.

Question 7

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 7

A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

Question 8

Electromyograph (EMG)

Answer 8

A device that records muscular activity and tension.

Question 9

Electrooculograph (EOG)

Answer 9

A device that records eye movements.

Question 10

Hallucinogens

Answer 10

A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.

Question 11

Hypnosis

Answer 11

A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

Question 12

Insomnia

Answer 12

Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.

Question 13

Latent content

Answer 13

According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in a dream.

Question 14

Lucid dreams

Answer 14

Dreams in which people can think clearly about the circumstances of waking life and the fact that they are dreaming, yet they remain asleep in the midst of a vivid dream.

Question 15

Manifest content

Answer 15

According to Freud, the plot of a dream at a surface level.

Question 16

MDMA

Answer 16

A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline; commonly called ecstasy.

Question 17

Meditation

Answer 17

A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way.

Question 18

Narcotics

Answer 18

Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.

Question 19

Neurogenesis

Answer 19

The formation of new neurons in the brain.

Question 20

Night terrors

Answer 20

Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic.

Question 21

Nightmares

Answer 21

Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.

Question 22

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

Answer 22

Sleep stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.

Question 23

Opiates

Answer 23

Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain. See Narcotics.

Question 24

Physical dependence

Answer 24

The condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness.

Question 25

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 25

Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Question 26

Psychological dependence

Answer 26

The condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug.

Question 27

REM sleep

Answer 27

A deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.

Question 28

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Answer 28

A sleep problem marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods.

Question 29

Sedatives

Answer 29

Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

Question 30

Sleep apnea

Answer 30

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

Question 31

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Answer 31

Sleep stages 3 and 4, during which low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.

Question 32

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

Answer 32

Arising and wandering about while remaining asleep.

Question 33

Stimulants

Answer 33

Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

Question 34

Tolerance

Answer 34

A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.