Ch. 7 - Body and Mind

Question 1

Reaction time

Answer 1

The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively

Question 2

Childhood Overweight

Answer 2

In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.

Question 3

Childhood Obesity

Answer 3

In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.

Question 4

Asthma

Answer 4

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.

Question 5

Concrete Operational thought

Answer 5

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.

Question 6

Classification

Answer 6

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic that they have in common.

Question 7

Seriation

Answer 7

The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet.

Question 8

Knowledge base

Answer 8

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.

Question 9

Control Processes

Answer 9

Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.)

Question 10

English Language Learners (ELLs)

Answer 10

Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low—usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs.

Question 11

Immersion

Answer 11

A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning.

Question 12

Bilingual Education

Answer 12

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second (majority) language.

Question 13

ESL (English as Second Language)

Answer 13

A U.S. approach to teaching English that gathers all of the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English. Students’ first languages are never used; the goal is to prepare them for regular classes in English.

Question 14

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 14

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn. For instance, teacher background, organization of the play space, and tracking are all part of the hidden curriculum—not formally prescribed, but instructive to the children.

Question 15

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

Answer 15

An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries’ scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.

Question 16

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Answer 16

Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.

Question 17

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

Answer 17

An international test taken by 15-year-olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.

Question 18

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

Answer 18

An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed “the Nation’s Report Card.”

Question 19

Developmental Psychopathy

Answer 19

The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders.

Question 20

Comorbid

Answer 20

Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person.

Question 21

Aptitude

Answer 21

The potential to master a specific skill, or to learn a certain body of knowledge.

Question 22

Flynn Effect

Answer 22

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

Question 23

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 23

The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.

Question 24

Neurodiversity

Answer 24

The idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed. Neurodiversity seems particularly relevant for children with disorders on the autism spectrum.

Question 25

Multi-finality

Answer 25

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.

Question 26

Equifinality

Answer 26

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology which holds that one symptom can have many causes.

Question 27

ADHD

Answer 27

A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; ADHD interferes with a person’s functioning or development.

Question 28

Specific Learning Disorder

Answer 28

A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment.

Question 29

Dyslexia

Answer 29

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.

Question 30

Dyscalculia

Answer 30

Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.

Question 31

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 31

A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction—including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view—and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Question 32

Least Restrictive Environment

Answer 32

A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.

Question 33

Response to Intervention (RTI)

Answer 33

An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention.

Question 34

Individual Education Plan (IEP)

Answer 34

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.