Ch. 7 - Body and Mind Flashcards
Reaction time
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively
Childhood Overweight
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Childhood Obesity
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Asthma
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Concrete Operational thought
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
Classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic that they have in common.
Seriation
The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet.
Knowledge base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
Control Processes
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.)
English Language Learners (ELLs)
Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low—usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs.
Immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning.
Bilingual Education
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second (majority) language.
ESL (English as Second Language)
A U.S. approach to teaching English that gathers all of the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English. Students’ first languages are never used; the goal is to prepare them for regular classes in English.
Hidden Curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn. For instance, teacher background, organization of the play space, and tracking are all part of the hidden curriculum—not formally prescribed, but instructive to the children.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries’ scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
An international test taken by 15-year-olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed “the Nation’s Report Card.”
Developmental Psychopathy
The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders.
Comorbid
Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person.
Aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill, or to learn a certain body of knowledge.
Flynn Effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Multiple Intelligences
The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.
Neurodiversity
The idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed. Neurodiversity seems particularly relevant for children with disorders on the autism spectrum.
Multi-finality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
Equifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology which holds that one symptom can have many causes.
ADHD
A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; ADHD interferes with a person’s functioning or development.
Specific Learning Disorder
A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
Dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.
Dyscalculia
Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction—including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view—and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
Least Restrictive Environment
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.
Response to Intervention (RTI)
An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention.
Individual Education Plan (IEP)
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.
