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Developmental Psychology > Ch. 12 - adulthood: body and mind > Flashcards

Ch. 12 - adulthood: body and mind Flashcards

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1
Q

adulthood

A

covers 4 decades, from ages 25-65

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2
Q

self-perception in adulthood

A

30 to 65 year olds feel 5-10 years younger than their chronological age

most adults consider themselves strong, capable, and healthy.

adults ages 26-60 contribute more to society than any other age group

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3
Q

senescence

A

gradual physical decline during which the body becomes less strong and efficient

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4
Q

allostatic load measured by

A

18 indicators of health and aging; aging differs, as some people age 3 years per chronological year, and others less than one.

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5
Q

breathing and age

A

dispersal into bloodstream from lungs decreases about 4% per decade after 20 yo.

some adults might seriously impair their lungs by middle age

sleep is increasingly seen as crucial

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6
Q

the brain with age

A
  • brain slows down with age; slower firing neurons and axon pick up; lengthened rxn time
  • brain continues to grow and develop in adulthood, but myelination is decreased in some places.
  • for about 1% of all adults, significant brain loss occurs before age 65
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7
Q

neurons forming in adulthood

A

parts of the brain grow during adulthood

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8
Q

dentate gyrus

A

specific area of hippocampus where new neurons settle, a region activated in forming new memories and exploring new places

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9
Q

the senses over time

A

become less acute; brain compensates for loss in any one area by using other senses. tech and behaviour can help compensate

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10
Q

vision

A
  • involves 30 distinct brain areas
  • age affects each area in specific ways
  • peripheral vision narrows faster than frontal vision
  • shape of lens changes
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11
Q

hearing

A
  • most acute at 10 years old
  • high frequencies lost earlier
  • some nations have laws requiring hearing protection for workers
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12
Q

skin

A
  • becomes drier, rougher, thinner, and less flexible
  • collagen begins to decrease, wrinkles appear esp around eyes
  • cells below surface are more variable
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13
Q

hair

A

begins to turn gray and thin

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14
Q

shape

A
  • middle-age spread
  • posture change, lowered height
  • muscle trophy, joint flexibility loss, stiffness
  • reduced strength, agility, and speed
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15
Q

sexual responsiveness

A
  • sexual arousal and orgasm
  • distress at slower responsiveness
  • emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure
  • extreme satisfaction
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16
Q

infertility

A
  • is most common in nations where med care scarce and STIs common
  • 12% of US couples are infertile partly b/c many postpone childbearing
  • involves factors that impair physical functioning
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17
Q

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

A
  • overcomes obstacles such as low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes
  • have solved ~1/2 of fertility problems
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18
Q

IVF

A

technique in which ova are surgically removed and fertilized with sperm in a lab

after zygotes have divided several times, they are inserted into the uterus.

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19
Q

menopause

A
  • menstrual periods cease and production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone decrease considerably
  • treatment:
    • hysterectomy
    • hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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20
Q

andropause

A
  • testosterone levels decrease in older men, which normally results in a decrease in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass
  • treatment: drugs (e.g. Viagra, Levitra)
21
Q

exercise

A
  • regular exercise protects against serious ailments
  • strengthens the immune system
  • physical and mental health also influenced by family, friends, and community
22
Q

medication

A

> 1/2 of 25-65 yo have at least one prescription

~1/2 prescriptions for chronic conditions

~ 11% of adults have antidepressant prescriptions

OTC drugs wildly used

23
Q

nicotine

A
  • cigarette harm is dose-related
  • influences vary by cohort and culture
  • tobacco causes more death than any other drug
  • usage has decreased over last 50 years; fewer women quit
24
Q

alcohol

A
  • adults who drink in moderation live longer than abstainers
  • alcohol abuse shows age, gender, cohort, and cultural differences
  • low-income nations have more abstainers, more abusers, and less moderate drinkers than more affluent nations
25
Q

the opioid epidemic

A

opioid deaths have increased every year of past decades, particularly among adults aged 26-44

26
Q

diet: united states

A
  • world leader in obesity and diabetes
  • 66% overweight, 33% of these obese
  • metabolism decreases by 1/3 between 20-60 yo
  • increase in obesity cannot be blamed on genes; therefore cultural influences more important
27
Q

excess body fat and chronic disease

A

excess body fat increases risk of almost every chronic disease, including diabetes. there are psychological and physical consequences to obesity.

28
Q

income and health

A
  • SES differences apparent in every nation.

- well-educated, financially secure adults live longer

29
Q

within US, overall risk of dying between 25-65 yo is ___, however for poorest groups its as high as ___.

A

15%; 50%

30
Q

the 10 million US residents with highest SES outlive the 10 million with the lowest SES by about ____

A

30 years.

31
Q

intelligence is …

A

1) multi-directional
2) multi-cultural
3) multi-contextual
4) plastic

32
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

Spearman

intelligence is one basic trait, involving all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts. it cannot be measured directly, but inferred from various abilities

33
Q

components of intelligence

A
  • fluid intelligence
  • crystallized intelligence
  • analytic intelligence
  • creative intelligence
  • practical intelligence
34
Q

fluid intelligence

A

those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough.

  • working memory, abstract thought, speed of thinking
35
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning

  • vocab and general info
36
Q

analytic intelligence

A

remembering and analyzing various ideas; valuable in high school and college

  • abstract planning, strategizing, focused attention, logic, verbal skills
37
Q

creative intelligence

A

involves intellectual flexibility and innovation.

  • imagination, originality, vision, appreciation of the unexplained or unusual
38
Q

practical intelligence

A

intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving; experience advances it; crucial on the job and cannot be assessed by an abstract test

  • adaptive actions, applied skills and knowledge, understanding and assessing daily problems
39
Q

cognitive artifacts

A

intellectual tools passed down from generation to generation that may assist in learning within societies

40
Q

selecting areas of expertise

A

culture and context guide in selecting areas of expertise

41
Q

expert

A

someone with specialized skills and knowledge developed around a particular activity or area of specific interest

  • are notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the avg person a/b which activities are personally meaningful
  • are more intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible in their chosen field
42
Q

selective optimization with compensation

A

the theory that people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well.

43
Q

how are experts intuitive?

A
  • they rely on past experiences and immediate contexts

- actions are more intuitive and less stereotypic; novices follow formal procedures and rules

44
Q

how are experts automatic?

A
  • process incoming information more quickly and analyze it more efficiently than nonexperts
  • they then act in well-rehearsed, apparently unconscious ways
45
Q

how are experts strategic?

A

they have more and better strategies, esp when problems are unexpected

46
Q

how are experts flexible?

A

they are creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things don’t go according to plan

47
Q

relationship between age and expertise is…

A

age and task related.

experienced adults often use selective optimization with compensation in becoming experts; the brain adapts as people become experts

48
Q

family skills

A

important shifts have occurred lately …

1) more women are working in traditionally male-dominated fields
2) domestic work has gained new respect
3) it is no longer assumed a “maternal instinct” is innate to every mother

Developmental Psychology (16 decks)

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