CH 4. - Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Social Smile

Answer 1

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth

Question 2

Separation Anxiety

Answer 2

An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

Question 3

Stranger Wariness

Answer 3

An infant’s expression of concern—a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear—when a stranger appears.

Question 4

Self Awareness

Answer 4

A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

Question 5

Temperament

Answer 5

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person’s typical responses to the environment.

Question 6

Synchrony

Answer 6

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

Question 7

Still-Face Technique

Answer 7

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

Question 8

Attachment

Answer 8

According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver—a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Question 9

Secure Attachment (Type B)

Answer 9

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

Question 10

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 10

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.

Question 11

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C)

Answer 11

A pattern of attachment in which an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver, and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Question 12

disorganized attachment (type D)

Answer 12

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

Question 13

Strange Situation

Answer 13

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

Question 14

Social Referencing

Answer 14

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

Question 15

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 15

Erikson’s first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

Question 16

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 16

Erikson’s second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.

Question 17

Proximal Parenting

Answer 17

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.

Question 18

Distal Parenting

Answer 18

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

Question 19

Working Model

Answer 19

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident in which this working model of human behavior is erroneous.

Question 20

Allocare

Answer 20

Literally, “other-care”; the care of children by people other than the biological parents.