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Developmental Psychology > Ch. 2 - From Conception to Birth > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - From Conception to Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

molecule containing chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins. promotes growth and sustains life.

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA; 46 in the human body arranged in 23 paits.

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3
Q

zygote

A

two gametes combine and produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes orm each parent.

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4
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells each consisting of 23 chromosomes

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5
Q

copy number variations

A

small variations, mutations, or repetitions in base pairs not always found in other versions of the same gene.

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6
Q

DNA and RNA surrounding the gene enhance, transcribe, connect, silence, regulate, and alter genes through…

A

methylation

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7
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s genetic inheritance, or genetic potential. unique for each organism.

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8
Q

phenotype

A

an organism’s observable characteristics, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.

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9
Q

allele

A

variation of a gene or any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur. effects vary greatly, from causing life-threatening conditions to having no detectable effects at all.

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10
Q

____ distinguishes each person, allowing the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment

A

genetic diversity

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11
Q

genome

A

involves the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

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12
Q

The Human Genome Project found only ~_____ genes in humans

A

20,000 - 23,000

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13
Q

amount of autosomes vs sex chromosomes in humans:

A

44 vs 2

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14
Q

Female vs Male sex chromosomes

A

XX vs XY

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15
Q

monozygotic twins

A

AKA identical twins

  • 1 zygote splits apart very early in development
  • if split is incomplete, leads to conjoined twins
  • same genotype, but slight variations possible in phenotype
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16
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fertilization of 2 separate ova by 2 separate sperm

  • 1/2 genes in common; occur 2x more than monozygotic
  • incidence is genetic, varying by age and ethnicity
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17
Q

T/F: almost every trait is polygenic and multifactorial

A

True

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18
Q

polygenic

A

affected by may genes

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19
Q

multifactorial

A

influenced by many factors

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20
Q

regulator genes

A

direct the interactions of other genes, controlling their genetic expression, duplication, and transcription. Responsible for differences between species.

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21
Q

additive genes

A

add to some aspect of the phenotype; add up to make the phenotype

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22
Q

dominant is ___ influential than recessive gene

A

more

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23
Q

only when recessive genes ______ can they be noticed/expressed

A

act alone

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24
Q

carrier

A

person whose genotype includes a gene not expressed in the phenotype. occurs in 1/2 of carrier’s offspring.

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25
Q

what makes offspring a carrier?

A

inherited one unexpressed gene from parents

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26
Q

what makes offspring express recessive genes in phenotype?

A

unexpressed gene is inherited from both parents

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27
Q

3 main periods of prenatal development

A
  1. germinal period (conception –> 2 weeks)
  2. embryonic period (3 –> 8 weeks)
  3. fetal period (9 weeks –> birth)
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28
Q

Germinal period

A

zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception.

  • placenta develops
  • implantation 10 days after conception
  • organism grows rapidly
29
Q

Embryonic period

A
  • primitive streak –> neural tube –> later on brain and spine
  • head takes shape
  • eyes, ears, nose, mouth form
  • heart begins to pulsate
30
Q

fetal period

A
  • genitals form

- sex hormones cause differentiation in fetal brain organization

31
Q

period of greatest brain growth

A

4th, 5th, and 6th months

32
Q

Age of viability

A

~22 weeks after conception

  • preterm newborn may survive outside uterus with medical care
  • brain can regulate basic body functions
33
Q

only __% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies

A

31%

34
Q

Average duration of labour for firstborn

A

12 hours; usually quicker for later-born

35
Q

what triggers birth?

A

fetal brain signals a release of hormones to trigger mother’s uterine muscles

36
Q

apgar scale

A

quick assessment of newborn heartrate, breathing, muscle tone, colour, and reflexes.

measured 2x: 1 min and 5 min after birth

each category scores a 0, 1, or 2. Ideal score is 7+

37
Q

medical interventions have led to…

A
  • childbirth becomes safer for mothers
  • infant mortality has decreased
  • has disadvantages
38
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical birth in which the fetus is removed quickly.

usually safe for mother and baby, saving lives when the fetal head is too large for the pelvis. rates vary from country to country

39
Q

traditional and modern birth

A

increasing home births and decrease in hospital births

40
Q

doulas

A

help with prenatal, birth, and postnatal care. helps to decrease c-section rates

41
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment scale records…

A

46 behaviours, including 20 reflexes

42
Q

reflex

A

an unlearned, involuntary action/movement in response to a stimulus, occurring without conscious thought

43
Q

mothers and postpartum depression

A

many women experience significant physical problems after birth; psychological symptoms range from baby blues to postpartum psychosis. this may involve struggles with adequate baby care. varied causes

44
Q

father’s role

A

help mother stay healthy
help mother manage stress
experiencing couvade in some cultures

45
Q

Chromosomal Miscounts

A

1 in 200 births have 45, 47, 48, o 49 chromosomes

46
Q

Down syndrome

A

aka trisomy-21; 47 chromosomes

47
Q

how many infants are born with only one or three plus sex chromosomes?

A

1 in 500

48
Q

most dominant gene disorders begin in…

A

adulthood. fatal dominant childhood conditions cannot be passed on.

49
Q

___ gene disorders are more common

A

recessive

50
Q

when is the phenotype affected in genetic disorders?

A

when the inherited gene is dominant
OR
when both parents carry and pass on a recessive gene.

51
Q

teratogens

A

any agent/condition (including viruses and drugs) resulting in birth defects or complications.

52
Q

behavioural teratogens

A

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.

53
Q

critical periods for body formation, body weight, brain development:

A
  • first days/weeks critical for body formation.
  • final months important or body weight
  • health during entire fetal period important for brain development
54
Q

threshold effect

A

certain teratogens are relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level.

55
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome results from…

A

embryos exposed to mother’s heavy drinking

56
Q

innate vulnerability

A

some zygotes carry genes making them vulnerable

57
Q

before pregnancy, mothers should…

A
  1. plan
  2. take multivitamins
  3. avoid drinking
  4. update immunizations
  5. reach appropriate weight
  6. reassess prescription drugs
  7. develop exercise habits
58
Q

what % of early pregnancy tests raise anxiety and why?

A

20%

  • parents may not want to know
  • couples argue about risks
  • danger of false positives or false negatives
59
Q

preterm

A

birth occurring at 35 weeks or fewer after conception; usually associated with LBW

60
Q

small for gestational age (SGA)

A

birthweight significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception; suggests impairment throughout prenatal development or serious problems

61
Q

low birthweight (LBW)

A

< 2,500 g or 5.5 lbs at birth

62
Q

very low birthweight (VLBW)

A

< 1,500 g / 3 lbs 5 oz at birth

63
Q

extremely low birthweight (ELBW)

A

< 1,000 g / 2 lbs 3 oz at birth

64
Q

what does LBW mean for chances of survival

A

decreased chances of survival

65
Q

maternal behaviour/malnutrition for LBW

A
  • health/illness
  • drug use before/during pregnancy
  • effect of father/family and their attitudes and behaviour on malnutrition
66
Q

immigrant paradox

A

although lower SES correlates with LBW and poor neonatal health, this is not true or some immigrant groups in the US, especially Hispanics

67
Q

consequences of LBW

A
  • high risk infants and children (early developmental accomplishments are late; cry more, pay attention less, disobey more; experience language and developmental delays
  • middle childhood, former SGA (more neurological problems, smaller brain volume)
68
Q

risk analysis gives…

A

odds, not certainties!

69
Q

heritability

A

statistical term indicating what portion of the variation in a particular trait within a particular population is inherited.

Developmental Psychology (16 decks)

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