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Developmental Psychology > Ch. 11 - Emerging Adulthood > Flashcards

Ch. 11 - Emerging Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

emerging adulthood

A

period between aes 18-25, now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage (mostly WEIRD?)

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2
Q

health in emerging adulthood

A
  • usually good
  • optimal functioning in every body system
  • extra capacity, extra burden
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3
Q

organ reserve

A

capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

balance between various body reactions that keeps every physical function in sync with every other (immediate response; quickest in EA partly d/t organ reserve)

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5
Q

allostasis

A

dynamic body adjustment that gradually changes overall physiology (long-term)

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6
Q

allostatic load

A

stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning

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7
Q

sex, not marriage

A
  • end of shotgun weddings?
  • effective contraception, unmarried pregnancy acceptance
  • however, increase in STIs globally
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8
Q

risk-taking

A

may be an asset or liability.

  • EA have more serious accidents than people of any other age
  • maturation, not experience, affects risk assessment
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9
Q

drug abuse

A

ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological or psychological wellbeing

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10
Q

low rates of disease between ages 18-25 counterbalanced by …

A

higher rate of violent death:

  • driving without a seatbelt
  • carrying a loaded gun
  • abusing drugs
  • addictive gambling
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11
Q

_____ result in more deaths than all other combined

A

fatal accidents, homicide, and suicide

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12
Q

why do most colleges restrict alcohol on campus?

A

drug abuse and binge drinking more frequent among college students than those not in college

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13
Q

illegal drug use and age

A
  • peaks at about 20 yo, sharply declining with age

- most who continue after 25 yo want to quit

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14
Q

postformal thought

A

proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget’s 4 stages

goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical, and less impulsive and reactive

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15
Q

postformal thinkers …

A
  • use formal analysis to learn science, distill principles, develop arguments, and resolve the world’s problems
  • are less impulsive than adolescents
  • don’t wait for someone to present a problem to solve or for circumstances to require a reaction
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16
Q

countering stereotypes

A

cognitive flexibility counters stereotypes as rational thinking aids in recognition and reconciliation of contradictions. width of the gap between explicit and implicit discrimination influences the strength of the stereotypes.

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17
Q

stereotype threat

A

fear that someone else will judge one’s appearance or behaviour negatively and thereby confirm that person’s prejudiced attitudes

  • mere possibility of being negatively stereotyped arouses anxiety that can disrupt cognition and distort emotional regulation.
  • makes people of all ages doubt their ability, which decrease learning if anxiety interferes with cognition
18
Q

cognitive growth and higher education

A
  • most contemporary students attend college primarily to secure their vocational and financial future.
  • college also correlates with better health; grads everywhere smoke less, eat better, exercise more, and live longer,
  • tertiary ed increases verbal and quantitative ability, knowledge of specific subject areas, skills in various professions, reasoning, and reflection
19
Q

massification

A

the idea that establishing higher learning institutions and encouraging enrollment could benefit everyone

  • led to marked increase in number of EA in college
  • US is the first nation to endorse massification, with state-funded universities in all 50 states, often more than one per state
20
Q

debts and dropouts

A
  • most adults believe college is too expensive, yet 94% of parents expect college-bound children
  • college pays off over time for most graduates; overall statistics are discouraging; attendance vs graduation – lowest grad rate colleges most popular
  • student loan payback can be daunting
21
Q

does college advance critical thinking and postformal thought?

A

Perry: 9 levels of complexity in college student thinking, experience = progression

Arum and Roska: students’ growth in critical thinking, analysis, and communication over 4 years of college only half as much as students 20 years ago

Newer pedagogical technology: flipped class, MOOCs; success r/t student motivation

22
Q

effects of diversity in college

A

there is usually ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity.

  • discussion among people of diff backgrounds, ages, and experiences leads to intellectual challenge and deeper thought
  • those who are most likely to be postformal thinkers are also those with most friends from other backgrounds
23
Q

diversity in colleges

A
  • diversity of any kind can advance cognition in many areas
  • diversity has increased in colleges across the US
  • emerging adults expand their minds when they have honest conversations with people of different backgrounds
  • individuals became more accepting of differences when they realize they know different people personally
24
Q

identity achievement

A
  • search for identity begins and puberty but continues much longer
  • most emerging adults are still seeking to determine who they are
  • erikson believed at each stage outcomes of earlier crises provides the foundation of each new era
  • all four identity statuses are evident in emerging adulthood as the ID crisis continues (achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion)
25
Q

in developed nations, it is normative for EA to question who they really are in what four areas?

A

1) sex
2) vocation
3) politics
4) religion

26
Q

careers

A
  • many young adults changed their identity status in the years after age 25; almost all changed status by age 29
  • ID became deeper, more reflective, meaningful
  • determination to “have it all” is part of ID achievement among many EA
27
Q

vocational identity

A

establishing this is part of growing up.

  • EA critical stage for acquisition of resources and developing work values
  • current EA change ~ 1 job per year between 18-25 yo
  • work values are affected by current worldwide economic recession
28
Q

continuity and change

A
  • psychological research on personality traits of twins from ages 17-24 finds both genetic continuity and developmental improvements
  • emerging adults are open to new experiences
  • trend is toward less depression and more joy, along with more insight into self
29
Q

rising self-esteem

A
  • psychological research finds both continuity and improvement in attitudes
  • positive trend of increasing happiness becoming more evident over recent decades
  • YA more likely to make their own life decisions
30
Q

intimacy

A
  • Erikson’s 6th stage emphasizes that humans are social creatures
  • intimacy progresses from attraction to close connections to ongoing commitments
  • marriage and parenthood, as EA discovering, are only 2 of several paths to intimacy
31
Q

parents and EA

A

parents continue to be crucial influences after 18 yo; more now than in the past.

all members in a family have linked lives, however, a downside to excessive parental support may be “helicopter parenting”

32
Q

national differences and living with parents

A
  • happiness of EA living with parents depends on economy and culture
  • almost all unmarried YA in Italy and Japan remain in childhood home
  • less EA live with parents in US if separate households are affordable
33
Q

friendship

A

friendship reaches peak of functional significance.

know terms:

  • self expansion
  • mutuality
  • self-silencing
  • social media usage
34
Q

M vs F friendships

A

F: intimacy, emotionality, self-disclosure
M: limited touching, and self-disclosure

35
Q

In the US, romantic competence is multifaceted …

A
  • mutual caring, trust, emotional closeness, and sensitivity to the needs of others
  • faithfulness, loyalty, and honesty
  • love “American style” is sought in some other countries
36
Q

most EA are postponing, not abandoning marriage

A
  • hooking up and FWB more common

- marriage is still considered crucial by many different couples

37
Q

finding a partner

A

social networks and dating sites result in about 1/3 of US marriages

  • choice overload ==> regret after making choice more likely
38
Q

choice overload

A

having so many options making a thoughtful choice difficult

39
Q

cohabitation

A

living with an unrelated person – typically a romantic partner – to whom one is not married.

  • most YA in England and N Europe cohabit rather than marry before 25 yo
  • in other nations, such as Japan/Ireland/Italy, fewer people cohabit
40
Q

cohabitation before marriage does not prevent marital problems, including churning

A
  • cohab linked with higher likelihood of divorce
  • less likely to pool money, have close parental relationships, or care for parental health needs
  • more likely to be criminals or beak up
  • however, most research is based on people who cohabited 10-20 years ago
41
Q

the broader picture for every cohort and culture ..

A

every human benefits from a satisfying and enduring relationship.

Developmental Psychology (16 decks)

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