Ch. 10 - Psychosocial Development (Adolescents)

Question 1

identity versus role confusion

Answer 1

Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.

Question 2

Identity Achievement

Answer 2

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who they are as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.

Question 3

Role Confusion

Answer 3

A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is. (Sometimes called identity diffusion or role diffusion .)

Question 4

Foreclosure

Answer 4

Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts their parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.

Question 5

moratorium

Answer 5

An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.

Question 6

Gender Identity

Answer 6

A person’s self-perception as male, female, both, or neither.

Question 7

Familialism

Answer 7

The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces.

Question 8

Parenteral Monitoring

Answer 8

Parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.

Question 9

Peer Pressure

Answer 9

Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.

Question 10

Deviancy Training

Answer 10

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.

Question 11

Sexual Orientation

Answer 11

A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.

Question 12

Major Depression

Answer 12

Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more.

Question 13

Suicidal Ideation

Answer 13

Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones.

Question 14

Parasuicide

Answer 14

Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death. (Also called attempted suicide or failed suicide.)

Question 15

Cluster suicides

Answer 15

Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period.

Question 16

adolescence-limited offender

Answer 16

A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21.

Question 17

life-course-persistent offender

Answer 17

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal.

Question 18

Generational Forgetting

Answer 18

The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do.

Question 19

Peers and peer pressure

Answer 19

Peers and peer pressure can be beneficial or harmful. Adolescents select their friends, who then facilitate constructive and/or destructive behavior. Peer approval is particularly potent during adolescence.

Question 20

Adolescent sexual needs

Answer 20

Adolescents experience diverse sexual needs and may be involved in short-term or long-term romances, depending in part on their peer group. Contemporary teenagers are less likely to have intercourse than was true a decade ago.

Question 21

Sadness and anger

Answer 21

At least in Western societies, almost all adolescents become more independent and angry as part of growing up, although most still respect their parents. Breaking the law and bursts of anger are common; boys are more likely to be arrested for violent offenses than are girls.

Question 22

Delinquents

Answer 22

Adolescence-limited delinquents should be prevented from hurting themselves or others; life-course-persistent offenders may become career criminals. Early intervention—before the first arrest—is crucial to prevent serious delinquency.

Question 23

Drug use and Abuse

Answer 23

Most adolescents experiment with drugs, which may temporarily reduce stress and increase peer connections but may soon add to stress and social problems. Almost every adolescent tries alcohol, and many use e-cigarettes and marijuana. Both are technically illegal for those under 18 but are readily available to teenagers.