Ch. 10 - Psychosocial Development (Adolescents) Flashcards
identity versus role confusion
Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
Identity Achievement
Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who they are as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
Role Confusion
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is. (Sometimes called identity diffusion or role diffusion .)
Foreclosure
Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts their parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.
moratorium
An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.
Gender Identity
A person’s self-perception as male, female, both, or neither.
Familialism
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces.
Parenteral Monitoring
Parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.
Peer Pressure
Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
Deviancy Training
Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
Sexual Orientation
A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.
Major Depression
Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more.
Suicidal Ideation
Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones.
Parasuicide
Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death. (Also called attempted suicide or failed suicide.)
Cluster suicides
Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period.
adolescence-limited offender
A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21.
life-course-persistent offender
A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal.
Generational Forgetting
The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do.
Peers and peer pressure
Peers and peer pressure can be beneficial or harmful. Adolescents select their friends, who then facilitate constructive and/or destructive behavior. Peer approval is particularly potent during adolescence.
Adolescent sexual needs
Adolescents experience diverse sexual needs and may be involved in short-term or long-term romances, depending in part on their peer group. Contemporary teenagers are less likely to have intercourse than was true a decade ago.
Sadness and anger
At least in Western societies, almost all adolescents become more independent and angry as part of growing up, although most still respect their parents. Breaking the law and bursts of anger are common; boys are more likely to be arrested for violent offenses than are girls.
Delinquents
Adolescence-limited delinquents should be prevented from hurting themselves or others; life-course-persistent offenders may become career criminals. Early intervention—before the first arrest—is crucial to prevent serious delinquency.
Drug use and Abuse
Most adolescents experiment with drugs, which may temporarily reduce stress and increase peer connections but may soon add to stress and social problems. Almost every adolescent tries alcohol, and many use e-cigarettes and marijuana. Both are technically illegal for those under 18 but are readily available to teenagers.
