CH 1 Highlights Flashcards
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 1: Birth to one year
Trust vs. Mistrust. Babies either trust that others will satisfy their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust about the care of others.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 2: 1-3 yrs
Autonomy vs shame and doubt. Children either become self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking, or doubt their own abilities.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 3: 3-6 yrs
Initiative vs. guilt. Children either try to undertake many adult like activities or internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents. they feel either adventurous or guilty.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 4: 6-11 yrs
Industry vs. Inferiority. Children busily practice and then master new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything well.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 5: Adolescence
Identity vs. Role confusion. Adolescents ask themselves “who am I?’’ They establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about their roles.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 6: Adulthood
Intimacy vs. Isolation. Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others, fearing rejection.
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 7: Adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to future generations through work, creative activities, and parenthood or they stagnate
Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages of Dev. Stage 8:
Integrity vs. Despair. Older adults try to make sense of their lives. either seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached.
Piaget’s Periods of cognitive Development: Birth to 2 yrs Sensorimotor
Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. learning is active, without reflection.
Piaget’s Periods of cognitive Development: 2-6, Preoperational
Children think symbolically, with language, yet they are egocentric, perceiving from their own perspective.
Piaget’s Periods of cognitive Development: 6-11, Concrete operational
Children understand and apply logic. Thinking is limited by direct experience.
Piaget’s Periods of cognitive Development: 12 - adulthood, Formal operational
Adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion.
Code of ethics for studies. What are a few basic standard ethics for scientific studies (relating to participants)?
- Scientists must ensure participation is voluntary, confidential, and harmless.
- Ensure participants understand the research procedures and any associated risks.
Code of ethics for studies. What are a few basic standard ethics for scientific studies (2 general ones)?
- Promote research accuracy, honesty, and truth.
- Study and report of crucial issues relating to the development of all people.
Difference-equals-deficit error
The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior.
Dynamic-systems approach
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences.
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
The learning process that reinforces or punishes behavior. Also called instrumental conditioning.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
Demonstrates that behaviors can be learned by making an association between an environmental stimulus. Also called respondent conditioning.
nature
influence of genes we inherit
nurture
environmental influences affecting development
epigenetics
how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression
differential susceptibility
how environmental experiences differ b/c of particular inherited genes
5 steps of scientific method
- begin with curiosity
- develop a hypothesis
- test the hypothesis
- draw conclusions
- report the results
three domains of human development
- biological
- cognitive
- psychological
critical period
time when certain things must occur for normal development
sensitive period
time when particular development occurs most easily
cohort
all persons born within a few years of one another; group defined by the shared age of its members
bioecological theory/ecological systems approach
each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions
systems/levels in bioecological theory
- microsystem: immediate, direct influences
- exosytem: institutions
- macrosystem: cultural patterns, political philosophies,
- mesosytem: interaction of systems
- chronosystem: dimension of time
socioeconomic status (SES)
income, wealth, occupation, education, neighbourhood
poverty
traditionally relates to food costs and family size.
now, revised definition takes into account housing, medical care, and various subsidies
culture
system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviours, expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behaviour
social construction
based on shared perceptions, not objective reality
Vygotsky’s stance on education
proposed guided participation as a universal process used by mentors to teach cultural skills, habits, and knowledge
difference-equals-deficit error
humans tend to believe their culture is better than others; becomes destructive if reduces respect for others
ethnicity
social construction (social context, not biology)
ethnic group
people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
race
social construction usually based on appearance often leading to racism.
what two facts does the concept of plasticity incorporate?
1) people can change over time
2) new behavior depends partly on what has already happened
dynamic systems approach
suggests human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction b/t body and mind and between individuals and every aspect of the environment
developmental theory
systematic statement of principles and generalizations; framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older
psychoanalytic theory
proposes that irrational, unconscious drives and motives (often originating in childhood) underlie human behavior
Freud
1st psychoanalyst
proposes 5 psychosexual stages during which sensual satisfaction is linked to developmental needs and conflicts
Erikson
8 psychosocial stages each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis
learning theory
focuses on observable behavior; describes laws and processes by which behavior is learned
conditioning
proposes that learning takes place through processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli
modeling
social learning theory; people learn through observation and imitation. first described by Albert Bandura
cognitive theory
thoughts and expectations profoundly affect actions, attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions. focus on changes in how people think over time
assimilation
experiences interpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas
accommodation
old ideas restructured to include/accommodate new ideas
humanism
stresses the potential all human beings have to be good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture or gender
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
everyone must satisfy lower levels before higher ones; lower levels are deficiency needs, whereas the highest level is a growth need
evolutionary theory
suggests organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits.
charles darwin theorized nature works to ensure species do two things:
- survive
2. reproduce
scientific method - observation vs experiment vs survey
observation can prove correlation.
experiments can prove causation.
surveys can show proportions but do not prove causation.
experiment vocabs
independent vs dependent variable
experimental vs comparison/control groups
measures: effect size, significance, cost-benefit analysis, odds ratio, factor and meta-analysis
Cross-sectional Research
A research design that compares people who differ in age but not in other important characteristics.
Cross-sequential Research
A hybrid research design that includes cross-sectional and longitudinal research. (Also called cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research.)
Longitudinal Research
A research design that follows the same individuals over time.
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Qualitative Research
Research that considers individual qualities instead of quantities (numbers).