ch. 7 Flashcards
cognitive psychology
focuses on the study of higher mental processes
language
the communication of info through symbols arranged according to systematic rules
grammar
system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
phonology
study of the smallest units of speech called phonemes
syntax
words combined to formed sentences
semantics
aspect of language referring to the meaning of words and sentences
babble
meaningless, speechlike sounds made by children from 3 months to 1 year
telegraphic speech
sentences in which only essential words are used
overgeneralization
children over-apply language rule ex. runned
learning-theory approach
language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning
nativist approach
humans are biologically prewired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways
Noam Chomsky
proposed a universal grammar that lets us understand language structure
Interactionist approach
language development is determine by genetic and social factors
intelligence
capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenge
g-factor
single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence
fluid intelligence
ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve probs, find patterns
crystallized intelligence
accumulation of info/skills learned through experience and education
theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner
8 distinct spheres of intelligence
existential intelligence
identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence
Sternberg Triarchic theory
practical, analytical, creative IQ
practical intelligence
common sense “street smarts”
analytical intelligence
focuses on the traditional types of problems measured on IQ tests
creative intelligence
generation of novel ideas
Goleman emotional intelligence (EQ)
set of skills that underlie the assessment, eval, expression, and reg of emotions
Binet
French psychologist
developed first real intelligence test
mental age
age for which a given level of performance is average
IQ
takes into account an indv mental and chronological age
IQ score formula
MA/CA x 100
average IQ score
100 SD = 15
68% people score on IQ test
85-115
95% people score on IQ test
55-145
Standford-Binet and Wechsler IQ tests
require indv adminsitration, relatively difficult to administer and score on a large-scale
group administered IQ tests
fewer kinds of Qs, may be less motivated to perform at their highest ability in group setting, cannot be administered to low IQs
reliability
consistency of a test in measuring what it is trying to measure
validity
degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
norms
standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score to another
ex. standardized tests
information goal
assess general info
comprehension goal
assess understanding and eval of social norms and past experiences
arithmetic goal
assess math reasoning through verbal problems
similarities goal
test understanding of how objects or concepts are alike
adaptive testing
not every test taker receives identical sets of questions
adaptive testing advantage
shorter tests
adaptive disadvantages
early mistakes by test takers can hurt final scores
intellectual disabilities
significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
FAS
most common cause of intellectual disability in newborns
down syndrome
extra copy of the 21st chromosome
familial intellectual disability
no apparent biological or genetic problems exist but there is a fam history
intellectually gifted
IQ >130
heritability
degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
relationship between IQ and closeness of genetic relationship
more similar genetic & environmental background = greater correlation
(highest correlation w identical twins raised together)
Education for all handicapped children act
schools cannot refuse to educate children
FAPE
free and appropriate public education for all
LRE
least restrictive environment
