ch. 5

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Question 2

neutral stimulus

Answer 2

before conditioning does not naturally cause response

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

naturally brings a response without having been learned

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

is natural and needs no training

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

once-neutral, paired with unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned response

Answer 6

after conditioned follows a previously neutral stimulus

Question 7

“Little Albert”

Answer 7

produced conditioned fear

Question 8

phobias

Answer 8

intense, irrational fears

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

reemergence of extinguished conditioned response

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

Question 12

stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on consequences

Question 14

voluntary responses

Answer 14

organism performs deliberately

Question 15

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 15

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Question 16

organism makes a direct connection between stimulus and response without..

Answer 16

any awareness that the connection exists (thorndike)

Question 17

Skinner box

Answer 17

a chamber with a highly controlled environment used to study operant conditioning w animals

Question 18

reinforcement

Answer 18

stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Question 19

reinforcer

Answer 19

any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Question 20

primary reinforcer

Answer 20

biological need
ex. food

Question 21

secondary reinforcer

Answer 21

association with a primary reinforcer
ex. money

Question 22

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 22

pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Question 23

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 23

reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs

Question 24

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 24

reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

Question 25

partial reinforcement schedules maintain performance longer

Answer 25

than do continuous reinforcement schedules before extinction occurs

Question 26

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 26

reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

Question 27

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 27

reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule is unpredictable

Question 28

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 28

reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed

Question 29

variable-interval schedule

Answer 29

the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

Question 30

shaping

Answer 30

teaching complex behavior by rewarding closer approximations of desired behavior

Question 31

cognitive learning theory

Answer 31

focus on the thought process that underlie learning

Question 32

latent learning

Answer 32

new behavior not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

learning by observing the behavior of another person

Question 34

media violence

Answer 34

predisposes & desensitizes