ch. 6 music from the age of enlightenment and revolution Flashcards
the Enlightenment
a philosophical movement advocating for reason over adherence to tradition and opposing both religious dogma and monarchical rule
how did the Enlightenment develop the coffee house?
- intellectuals engaged in spirited debates while consuming new drinks made possible by global trade (coffee, tea, cocoa)
- talked politics and new developments in science, philosophy, and literature -> fueled open-minded and reasoned discussions
what artistic styles were favored?
simple, balanced, natural, elegant; expecially in architecture
how did composers create a more “elegant” style than Baroque
they stripped their music of excessive dissonance, elaborate counterpoint, and virtuosic ornamental display, favoring shorter musical phrases in balanced (4 or 8 measure) lengths, clear melodies, etc
3 composers who lived in and worked in/near Vienna
Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
what were the principal instrumental musical genres of the Classical period?
the symphony, the solo concerto, the string quartet, and the solo sonata
the string quartet
2 violins, viola, and cello; a new genre of chamber music
chamber music
small ensembles that played in the chambers (the rooms) of noble and wealthy palaces and homes during the 18th century
who composed String Quartet No. 62 in C Major, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor” Movement IV
Franz Joseph Haydn
what is Op. short for?
opus; “work” in Latin
who was “Emperor” made to honor?
The Habsburg Emperor, Franz II
how does it work? (“emperor”)
p. 149
sonata form
3 sections:
exposition (presentation of themes)
development (variation + mixture of themes)
recapitulation (return of the themes in an altered manner)
motive
a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic idea
was Haydn a freelancer or did he have a patron?
he started as a freelancer, giving music lessons to children for ab 8 years, but could barely support himself
Haydn worked as a servant in the court of the Hungarian princes, as assistant musical director. He wrote 90 symphonies for them, as well as religious music.
minuet
a graceful and stately dance in triple meter
* was a popular social+ court dance in the 18th century
who composed the opera “Le Nozze di Figaro”?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1786
what is act 1 scene 1 of “Le Nozze di Figaro” about?
- Le Nozze di Figaro / The Marriage of Figaro
- Figaro and his fiancee Susanna are distracted by preparations for their wedding. Figaro is measuring how the bed will fit in their new apartment, Susanna talks ab her pretty wedding veil
how does it work? (“Le Nozze di Figaro”)
p. 155
what was “Le Nozze di Figaro” a critique of?
aristocratic privilege; shows how art has the power to alter social and political conditions as opers critiquing aristocratic privilege helped ignite the French Revolution
* was an opera buffa (comic opera)
basso buffo
a new kind of character; the bass buffoon
opera seria vs opera buffa
- opera sera / serious opera; the old style
- opera buffa / comic opera; the new style
Singspiel
German; means ballad opera
* sung in the local language and dispensed with recitative in favor of spoken dialogue
who composed Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67?
Ludwig van Beethoven
how does it work? (first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67)
p. 161
coda
a tail at the end of the movement
Romanticism
a theory of art and intellectual movement in European society; claimed that literature, painting, and music was at its best when it expressed an artist’s interior emotions
which composer started going deaf at 27?
Beethoven
how did Europeans begin to regard art in Romanticism?
art was synonymous with mastery of a craft, emphasizing the makers of art and their ability to create something useful and well-made. musicians had a “sacred” duty to perform others’ compositions with reverence
