ch. 6 music from the age of enlightenment and revolution

Question 1

the Enlightenment

Answer 1

a philosophical movement advocating for reason over adherence to tradition and opposing both religious dogma and monarchical rule

Question 2

how did the Enlightenment develop the coffee house?

Answer 2

• intellectuals engaged in spirited debates while consuming new drinks made possible by global trade (coffee, tea, cocoa)
• talked politics and new developments in science, philosophy, and literature -> fueled open-minded and reasoned discussions

Question 3

what artistic styles were favored?

Answer 3

simple, balanced, natural, elegant; expecially in architecture

Question 4

how did composers create a more “elegant” style than Baroque

Answer 4

they stripped their music of excessive dissonance, elaborate counterpoint, and virtuosic ornamental display, favoring shorter musical phrases in balanced (4 or 8 measure) lengths, clear melodies, etc

Question 5

3 composers who lived in and worked in/near Vienna

Answer 5

Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven

Question 6

what were the principal instrumental musical genres of the Classical period?

Answer 6

the symphony, the solo concerto, the string quartet, and the solo sonata

Question 7

the string quartet

Answer 7

2 violins, viola, and cello; a new genre of chamber music

Question 8

chamber music

Answer 8

small ensembles that played in the chambers (the rooms) of noble and wealthy palaces and homes during the 18th century

Question 9

who composed String Quartet No. 62 in C Major, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor” Movement IV

Answer 9

Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 10

what is Op. short for?

Answer 10

opus; “work” in Latin

Question 11

who was “Emperor” made to honor?

Answer 11

The Habsburg Emperor, Franz II

Question 12

how does it work? (“emperor”)

Answer 12

p. 149

Question 13

sonata form

Answer 13

3 sections:
exposition (presentation of themes)
development (variation + mixture of themes)
recapitulation (return of the themes in an altered manner)

Question 14

motive

Answer 14

a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic idea

Question 15

was Haydn a freelancer or did he have a patron?

Answer 15

he started as a freelancer, giving music lessons to children for ab 8 years, but could barely support himself

Haydn worked as a servant in the court of the Hungarian princes, as assistant musical director. He wrote 90 symphonies for them, as well as religious music.

Question 16

minuet

Answer 16

a graceful and stately dance in triple meter
* was a popular social+ court dance in the 18th century

Question 17

who composed the opera “Le Nozze di Figaro”?

Answer 17

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1786

Question 18

what is act 1 scene 1 of “Le Nozze di Figaro” about?

Answer 18

• Le Nozze di Figaro / The Marriage of Figaro
• Figaro and his fiancee Susanna are distracted by preparations for their wedding. Figaro is measuring how the bed will fit in their new apartment, Susanna talks ab her pretty wedding veil

Question 19

how does it work? (“Le Nozze di Figaro”)

Answer 19

p. 155

Question 20

what was “Le Nozze di Figaro” a critique of?

Answer 20

aristocratic privilege; shows how art has the power to alter social and political conditions as opers critiquing aristocratic privilege helped ignite the French Revolution
* was an opera buffa (comic opera)

Question 21

basso buffo

Answer 21

a new kind of character; the bass buffoon

Question 22

opera seria vs opera buffa

Answer 22

• opera sera / serious opera; the old style
• opera buffa / comic opera; the new style

Question 23

Singspiel

Answer 23

German; means ballad opera
* sung in the local language and dispensed with recitative in favor of spoken dialogue

Question 24

who composed Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67?

Answer 24

Ludwig van Beethoven

Question 25

how does it work? (first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67)

Answer 25

p. 161

Question 26

coda

Answer 26

a tail at the end of the movement

Question 27

Romanticism

Answer 27

a theory of art and intellectual movement in European society; claimed that literature, painting, and music was at its best when it expressed an artist’s interior emotions

Question 28

which composer started going deaf at 27?

Answer 28

Beethoven

Question 29

how did Europeans begin to regard art in Romanticism?

Answer 29

art was synonymous with mastery of a craft, emphasizing the makers of art and their ability to create something useful and well-made. musicians had a “sacred” duty to perform others’ compositions with reverence