ch. 12 age of disenchantment & protest (1950-1975)

Question 1

rhythm and blues

Answer 1

replacement term for race records, umbrella term

Question 2

backbeat

Answer 2

accents on beat 2 and 4

Question 3

how does it work -> “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman”

Answer 3

p.339

Question 4

soul music

Answer 4

• first emerged in the 1950s as a type of rhythm and blues
• also draws on music elements from Black gospel music, blues, and jazz
• became extremely influential during Civil Rights

Question 5

elements of soul

Answer 5

• catchy rhythms + strong backbeat
• handclaps + body involvement
• call+response, improvisation
• repetition
• impressive vocals
• chorus

Question 6

bridge

Answer 6

a section common in popular music that usually occurs only once

Question 7

Aretha Franklin

Answer 7

• “The Queen of Soul”
• powerful, aggressive performance (went against female stereotypes)
• symbol of female empowerment
• first woman to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1987)
• “Respect” and “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman” (1967)

Question 8

Ray Charles (1930-2004)

Answer 8

• pioneered soul music
• never addressed his music to a specific market + engaged w/ all genres
• widely talented as a songwriter, keyboardist, singer
• fused gospel vocal stylings w/ secular idioms

Question 9

“Georgia On My Mind” - Ray Charles

Answer 9

• originally a Tin Pan Alley song
• kept original lyrics, melody, phrasing
• new timbre, syncopation, gospel-based vocal approach
• became state anthem

Question 10

funk

Answer 10

a genre with complex, multi-layered syncopation and grooves with driving, percussive bass lines, and guitar riffs with percussive effects

Question 11

cover

Answer 11

a new version of an existing song
* was common practice for white radio stations to hire white artists to cover songs by Black people

Question 12

rock and roll

Answer 12

• term first used for commercial + generational purposes by disc jockey Alan Freed
• brought together musical elements from genres marketed to white audiences (like country) w/ those marketed to Black audiences (like rhythm&blues)

Question 13

Alan Freed (1922-1965)

Answer 13

• Moondog Radio Show in Cleveland
• discovered in the 50s that more young white kids wanted rhythm&blues records
• blackballed by the music industry

Question 14

Ricky Nelson (1940-1985)

Answer 14

popular teenage musician in the 50s who was marketed as a “rock’n’roll” artist

Question 15

Chuck Berry

Answer 15

• pioneering singer, songwriter, and guitarist
• synthesized diverse influences from R&B + country in rock’n’roll songs ab teenage life

Question 16

chuck berry trademarks

Answer 16

• arresting lines for electric guitar
• relentless intensity produced by a very fast tempo
• very loud volume
• formal + stylistic elements strongly related to earlier rhythm&blues music

Question 17

Elvis Presley (1935-1977)

Answer 17

• from Mississippi, grew up in diverse area, moved to Tennessee
• started off singing gospel + country
• mostly did covers of gospel, country, R&B
• signed first w/ Sun Records in 1953, later RCA Victor in 1956
• execs turned him into a major marketable commodity
• “Hound Dog” (1956) -> cover of Big Mama Thornton’a 1952 version

Question 18

how does it work (All along the Watchtower”

Answer 18

p. 347

Question 19

Bob Dylan

Answer 19

• born 1941
• “All Along the Watchtower”, “Blowing In The Wind”
• 1961 moves to NYC to perform + visit Woody Guthrie
• performs in Greenwich Village + lands record deal in 1962
• from Minnesota
• songs covered by Joan Baez; Peter, Paul, and Mary; The Byrds; and others
• 1965 performed “Like A Rolling Stone” using electric guitar at Newport Folk Festival
• considered one of the best songwriters of all time

Question 20

Jimi Hendrix (1942-1970)

Answer 20

• greatest guitarist in history
• began playing at 15, joins army at 19, promptly discharged
• performed on the Chitlin’ Circuit
• moved to England in 1966 + topped charts there
• headlined Woodstock Festival in 1969
• died of overdose in 1970

Question 21

Jimi Hendrix’s style

Answer 21

• inspired by rock’n’roll + electric blues
• favored overdriven amplifiers w/ high volume + gain
• popularized “undesired” sounds like amp feedback
• used effects like fuzz distortion, wah-wah pedal
• outrageous performance practice (licking guitar, playing w/ teeth, lighting guitar on fire)

Question 22

folk music

Answer 22

• performed in large part by urban intellectuals
• drew on rural music and the Depression-era protest songs of Woody Guthrie
• The Weavers, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Peter Paul and Mary
• focused on social commentary
• featured acoustic rather than electric guitars, which made it easier to hear lyrics clearly