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understanding music > ch. 5 music from the age of global commerce > Flashcards

ch. 5 music from the age of global commerce Flashcards

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1
Q

why were there so many European composers during this period?

A

they could make a good living having patrons such as wealthy kings, princes, and religious congregations in Europe

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2
Q

Baroque

A
  • a period in European music history
  • a term applied to anything that seems elaborate and exaggerated
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3
Q

opera

A

a theatrical musical genre that tells stories thru recitative, arias, instrumental music, acting, and dancing

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4
Q

recitative

A

melodic and rhythmic text recitation

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5
Q

arias

A

songs with clear melodies

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6
Q

ritornellos

A

repeated instrumental interludes

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7
Q

theorbo

A

a bass lute with an enormously long neck + 14 courses of strings capable of playing low-pitched bass pitches

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8
Q

arpeggios

A

leaps thru the pitches of a triad

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9
Q

why do opera singers sound “strange”?

A

they have cultivated a vocal technique that is loud enough to be heard without amplification in large opera houses

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10
Q

castrati

A
  • in the 17th century, lead male roles were sung by castrati
  • male singers castrated before puberty to prevent their voices from changing from soprano to tenor or bass
  • the sound of a castrato was associated with masculine power and heroic male roles
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11
Q

monody

A

a three part texture consisting of a vocal melody (or sometimes a duet) accompanied by an instrumental bass line and chords improvised by a keyboard or lute player

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12
Q

basso continuo

A

the combination of bass line and chords in monody

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13
Q

what was the impact of Monteverdi’s fifth book of madrigals?

A
  • he introduced the new style of monodic vocal composition
  • this new style established virtuosic singing in the form of fast runs, trills, and other ornaments bc the voices are not tethered to contrapuntal relations among the parts
  • new genre = aria
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14
Q

what does the term “early music” refer to?

A
  • European church, court, and concert music composed before 1750
  • music that some modern performers believe requires “historically informed” performances bc they are so diff from modern practice
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15
Q

who composed “Violin Concerto in E Major, Spring”?

A

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
* lived and worked in Venice, Italy
* one of the most prolific & influential composers of the Baroque period

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16
Q

concerto

A

a composition that pits an orchestra against a soloist or small group of soloists

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17
Q

how many movements do concertos typically have?

A

3
fast tempo, slow tempo, fast tempo

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18
Q

how does it work? (“Violin concerto in E Major, Spring”)

A

p. 119

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19
Q

sonata

A
  • comes from the Latin word for “sound”
  • an instrumental composition for a soloist or small group of soloists
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20
Q

what were concerts and sonatas meant for?

A

for listening in concert or church settings, rather than for dancing, the amusement of amateur players, or as instrumental versions of vocal works

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21
Q

interpretations of purely instrumental works (such as concertos and sonatas)

A
  • that they are meant for purely musical enjoyment -> description + analysis of their musical elements
  • they carry associations and iconic musical gestures -> the moods and emotions in particular instrumental compositions can be explained in terms of their musical elements, w/o direct references to a text
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22
Q

program music

A

music composed to express the emotions, moods, and meanings of an unperformed verbal narrative

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23
Q

who composed the oratorio “Messiah”

A

George Frideric Handel

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24
Q

oratorio

A

a multi-movement composition that tells a biblical story in the vernacular (local) language rather than in the Latin of the Catholic liturgy
* uses conventions of opera (recitative, aria, basso continuo, choruses) but w/o acting, costumes, or scenery

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25
Q

how does it work? (“Hallelujah” from “Messiah”)

A

p. 123

26
Q

how does “Hallelujah” use text painting?

A
  • rising pitch expresses the intensification of faith
  • trumpets and timpani create a feeling of majesty in the revelation of Christ as Lord and king
  • softness reflects the ordinariness of secular life while loudness conveys the glories of religious life
  • major key and short, punchy melodic phrases reinforce the brightness of the message
27
Q

cantata

A

multi-movement genre, new style of opera

28
Q

keyboard

A

a generic term for all types of instruments that employ the layout of long white keys for the 7-pitch diatonic scale and short black keys for the 5 additional chromatic pitches of European music
* modern: piano, electronic synthesizer
* Baroque: organ, harpsichord, clavichord

29
Q

prelude

A

short, free-form piece often spun out from a single melodic or rhythmic idea

30
Q

fugue

A

a tightly organized piece featuring imitative counterpoint

31
Q

clavier

A

means keyboard in German

32
Q

how does it work? (prelude and fugue in c major from “the well-tempered clavier, book 1”)

A

p. 128

33
Q

who composed “The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1”?

A

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

34
Q

what were Bach’s intentions for “The Well-Tempered Clavier”?

A
  • exercises for beginning students, amusement of more advanced players
  • not meant for public performance
35
Q

why was the Baroque organ so complex?

A
  • hundreds, even thousands, of flute and reed pipes of diff lengths (diff pitches)
36
Q

harpsichord

A

a plucked zither

37
Q

clavichord

A
  • invented ab the same time as the harpsichord
  • produces a very quiet sound not suitable for concert performances -> primarily used at home for the amusement of the player
38
Q

where is Java, and what is it’s culture + history?

A
  • one of the many islands of Indonesia
  • b/w the indian and pacific oceans
  • population of nearly 150m, mostly Muslim
39
Q

how old is Javanese court music?

A

dates back to 17th and early 18th centuries, when powerful kinds ruled most of the island before ceding power to the Dutch East India company in 1749

40
Q

what was Java court entertainment like?

A

included elaborate dances and theatrical presentations accompanied by a gamelan

41
Q

gamelan

A

a large orchestra of around 40 instruments made of bronze gons or metal keys, plus drums, a bowed fiddle, xylophone, zither, flute, and sometimes vocals

42
Q

besides islam, which religions are prominent in Javanese cultures?

A

Hinduism and Buddhism

43
Q

Ketawang

A

Javanese; a musical form based on a rhythmic cycle of 16 beats

44
Q

Puspawarna

A
  • Javanese
  • title of the gateway composition
  • means “kinds of flowers”
45
Q

Laras

A

Javanese; means tuning system

46
Q

Slendro

A
  • is one of two tuning systems in Javanese music
  • has 5 approx. equidistant pitches in an octave
47
Q

Patet / pathet

A

Javanese melodic mode

48
Q

Manyura

A

Javanese; one of three melodic modes in the slendro tuning system

49
Q

How does it work? (“Puspawarna”)

A

p. 136

50
Q

strope

A
  • when every verse is performed to the same melody -> strophe is a unit of a verse
  • form is written AAA…
51
Q

strophic form / strophic song

A

when every verse in a song is performed to the same melody

52
Q

bentuk

A

the Javanese word for their elaborate cyclical rhythmic structure; called “colotomic structure” in English

53
Q

texture of the gamelan in “Puspawarna”

A
  1. a rhythmic, cyclical (colotomic) structure played on knobbed gongs
  2. a mid-pitched, mid-tempo melody played on metallophones
  3. high-pitched, fast-tempo elaborating parts
54
Q

besides slendro, what is the other Javanese tuning system?

A

pelog
* a 7-tone heptatonic system from which five (but sometimes six or seven) main pitches are chosen
* no external standard against which to measure pitches and intervals

55
Q

what spiritual attributes do the instruments of the gamelan have?

A
  • master blacksmiths infuse each instrument with a living spirit
  • musicians approaching the gamelan do not step over any instruments, which is disrespectful
56
Q

how do compositions like “Puspawarna” reflect Hindu/Buddhist culture?

A

the cyclical rhythmic structure = icon of beliefs in the cyclical nature of life

57
Q

gong

A

a metallic idiophone with a surface diameter greater than its depth

58
Q

bell

A

an idiophone with a depth greater than its surface diameter

59
Q

cymbal

A

an idiophone with a flat plate and no depth

60
Q

who composed “L’incoronazione di Poppea”?

A

Claudio Monteverdi (1547-1643); the first great exponent of opera and the Baroque style

61
Q

how does it work? “L’incoronazione di Poppea”

A

p. 112

62
Q

who performed the gateway piece “Ketawang Puspawarna Laras Slendro Patet Manyura”?

A

women soloists and a chorus of men perform with the gamelan

understanding music (12 decks)

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