Ch. 6 - Bone Tissues Flashcards
4 classes of bones
Flat bone, long bone, irregular bone, and short bones
The body of a long bone is called its
Diaphysis (shaft)
The head at the ends of long bones are called
Epiphysis
In children, this cartilage plate separates the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones and calcifies when person is done growing
epiphysial plate
Most of the bone is covered in this sheath
Periosteum
These collagen fibers of the periosteum penetrate into the bone matrix
Perforating fibers
Blood vessels of the periosteum penetrate through the bone through these channels
nutrient foramina
The internal surface of the bone is lined with
Endosteum
At most joints, this kind of cartilage is present
Articular cartilage
In the skull, the spongy layer inside the flat bone is called the
diploe
Stem cells found in the endostem
Osteogenic cells
Osteogenic cells arise from
embryonic mesenchyme
Osteogenic cells give rise to these cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that synthesize bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Formation of new bone tissue
Osteogenesis
Mature bone cells now trapped in bone matrix
Osteocytes
Osteocytes reside in cavities called
Osseous lacunae
Lacunae are connected by tiny channels called
canaliculi
Bone-dissolving macrophages found on bone surfaces
Osteoclasts
Dissolving of bone tissue
Osteolysis
Onion-like layers of matrix around a central canal
Concentric lamellae
A canal that passes through the osteon, containss blood vessels and nerves
Central canal
central canal + concentric lamellae = ?
Osteon
Basic structural unit of compact bone
Osteon
Central canals are connected by
Perforating canals
Lacunae are connected by
canaliculi
The central and perforating canals contain
blood vessels and nerves
These are “osteons with no central canal”
Interstitial lamellae
The calcified lattice of spongy bone
trabeculae
What fills the spaces of trabeculae?
bone marrow
Soft material occupying cavity of long bone and trabeculae
bone marrow
Red bone tissue is AKA
myeloid tissue
What makes red bone marrow red?
abundance of RBCs
Since blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, it is considered
hematopoietic
Osteogenesis can be AKA
ossification
What are the 2 methods of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral
This kind of ossification is developed directly from a sheet of mesenchyme and skips the “cartilage step”
Intramembranous ossification
This process is described as a multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of matrix from the interior of the bone
Interstitial ossification
This marks the former location of the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
This growth occurs when the bone grows in diameter and thickness
Appositional growth
In appositional growth, is new matrix being deposited internally or at the surface?
At the surface
Appositional growth produces ? at the bone surface
Circumfrential lamellae
This law states that the shape of bone is formed dependent on the mechanical stress placed upon it
Wolff’s Law of Bone
What are the raw materials needed for the calcified ground substance of bone?
Calcium and Phosphate
This vitamin promotes synthesis of glycosaminoglycans of the bone matrix
(GAGs)
Vitamin A
This vitamin promotes the cross-linking of collagen molecules in bone and other fibers
(“C”ross-link “C”ollagen fibers)
Vitamin C
Necessary for calcium absorption by the small intestine
Vitamin D
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, promotes osteoblast activity
Calcitonin
Hormone that promotes internal absorption of calcium and the elongation of bones
Growth hormone
Parathyroid glands release this hormone in response to a drop in calcium levels in the blood, stimulates osteoclast activity
Parathyroid homone (PTH)
PTH stimulates these bone cells which will release what?
PTH stimulates OSTEOBLASTS which secrete osteoclast-stimulating factor, which will increase bone resorption and release the calcium into the blood
The loss of bone
Osteopenia
Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to the bone (athletics, accidents)
Stress fracture
Fracture caused in an already weakened bone that wouldn’t normally happen
Pathological fracture
Procedure where bone fragments are manipulated back to shape without surgery
Closed reduction
Procedure where the bone is surgically fixed
Open reduction
What are the 3 factors that determine the name of a fracture?
-Direction of the fracture line
-If skin was broken or not
-If it was a clean fracture or resulted in bone fragments.
Exaggertated curvature of the spine
Hyperkyphosis
Condition described as a weakening of the bones from vitamin D and calcium deficiency
Rickets
What is the most metabolically active region on a bone?
Metaphysis
What is the functional form of vitamin D called? And where is this converted in?
Calcitriol, converted in the kidneys
Calcium + Phosphate =
hydroxyapatite
Site of blood cell production (AKA bone marrow)
Myeloid tissue
