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Anatomy > Ch. 3 - Histology > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

AKA “microscopic anatomy”, this is the study of tissues and their arrangement in an organ

A

Histology

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2
Q

Mass of similar cells + cell products forming a region of an organ and performing a certain function

A

Tissue

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3
Q

4 types of primary tissues:

A

Epithelia, muscular, connective, nervous

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4
Q

Tissue that lines body surfaces/cavities and is a major tissue in glands

A

Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

Tissue that contains more extracellular matrix than cells and functions to support, bind, and protect

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Tissue that contains excitable cells and functions in bodily control/coordination

A

Nervous tissue

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7
Q

Tissue that contains elongated, excitable cells that applies force through contraction

A

Muscular

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8
Q

This tissue can be found in the brain and spinal cord

A

Nervous

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9
Q

This tissue can be found in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

A

Muscular

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10
Q

This tissue can be found in bones and cartilage

A

Connective

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11
Q

This tissue can be found in the epidermis, lining of digestive tract, and in glands

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

A tissue cut in the long direction is A

A

Longitudinal section

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13
Q

A tissue cut perpendicular is a

A

Transverse section
Cross section

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14
Q

A tissue cut at a slant is a

A

Oblique section

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15
Q

Epithelia are categorized into 2 broad categories:

A

Simple and stratified

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16
Q

In this epithelial tissue, all cells reach the basement membrane

A

Simple epithelia

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17
Q

Is pseudostratified epithelia considered simple or stratified?

A

Simple - Even though not all cells reach apical surface, all cells meet basement membrane

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18
Q

These cells are often found in pseudostratified columnar and secrete protective mucus over the membrane.

A

Goblet cells

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19
Q

This tissue consists of 2-20 layers of cells

A

Stratified epithelia

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20
Q

In stratified epithelia, which layer of the cell determines its name?

A

The shape of the top layer of cells

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20
Q

This stratified epithelia is unique to the urinary tract:

A

Urothelium

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21
Q

What is the most widespread epithelium in the body and where can it be found?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

Describe the structure and comings of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Tissue starts out as cuboidal and undergoes continual mitosis, as cells reach closer to the surface they flatter and become squamous cells until they die and flake off.

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23
Q

The separation of cells from the surface is called:

A

Exfoliation

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24
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Keratinized and nonkeratinized

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25
Q

Describe a keratinized stratified squamous epithlium

A

-Found on the skin’s surface
-Covered in a layer of durable protein KERATIN
-Contains hydrophobic lipids making skin waterproof

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26
Q

Describe nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-Found on mucosal surfaces: Vagina, tongue, esophagus, etc.
-Des not contain keratin
-Easily durable to undergo stress of stretch and is moist

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27
Q

What kind of cell makes the urothelium unique?

A

Umbrella cells

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28
Q

This tissue type is highly vascular as there are large spaces in between the cells.

A

Connective tissue

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29
Q

This cell contributes to the formation of fibrous connective tissue and appears with thin, wispy branches.

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

Large phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue, aiding in immune support

A

Macrophages

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31
Q

AKA White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes

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32
Q

These cells secrete antibodies to fight disease, usually only seen in inflamed tissue

A

Plasma cells

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33
Q

Similar to a basophil, this cell secretes heparin/histamines involved in inflammation

A

Mast cells

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34
Q

AKA Fat Cells

A

Adipocytes

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35
Q

These fibers are made of collagen, are tough/flexible and resist stretch

A

Collagenous fibers

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36
Q

Thin collagenous fibers coated with glycoprotein that form a sponge-like framework for certain organs

A

Reticular fibers

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37
Q

This fiber is made of elastin coated with a glycoprotein and is able to stretch and recoil

A

Elastin fibers

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38
Q

Besides the small amount of cells in connective tissue, what makes up for the majority of the make-up of this tissue?

A

Ground substance

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39
Q

What is the function of ground substance in connective tissue?

A

“Packing Peanuts”
Cushion and protect delicate cells from injury

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40
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

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41
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar tissue and reticular tissue

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42
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular and dense irregular

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43
Q

This connective tissue presents as loosely connected fibers and a lot of empty space.

A

Areolar tissue

*Remember “AIRY-olar”

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44
Q

This tissue is composed of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and is filled with RBC’s in its empty spaces. Forms a “spongy” framework for organs

A

Reticular tissue

*Remember “Web-like”

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45
Q

This tissue contains fibers that are closely packed and parallel in position.

A

Regular dense tissue

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46
Q

This tissue contains fibers that are closely packed and in abnormal/irregular organization

A

Dense Irregular

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47
Q

AKA “fat” tissue

A

Adipose tissue

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48
Q

There are 2 types of adipose tissue:

A

White adipose and brown adipose

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49
Q

Which type of adipose tissue is found more in adults? In children?

A

White adipose tissue in adults, brown adipose tissue in children

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50
Q

This type of adipose tissue primarily insulates, anchors, and cuchions

A

White adipose

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51
Q

This type of adipose tissue primarily generates heat

A

Brown fat

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52
Q

This type of connective tissue provides structure in the ear and nose

A

Cartilage

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53
Q

Cartilage starts pit as this stem cell:

A

Chondroblast

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54
Q

As chondroblasts secrete matrix, it eventually becomes enclosed in a ?

A

Lacunae

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55
Q

Once a chondroblast is enclosed in a lacunae, it is called a

A

Chondrocyte

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56
Q

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

No

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57
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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58
Q

Hyaline cartilage has an abundance of this fiber:

A

Collagen

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59
Q

Elastic cartilage has an abundance of this fiber:

A

Elastic

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60
Q

Fibrocartilage has an abundance of this fiber:

A

Collagen

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61
Q

Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage are surrounded by a sheath of

A

Perichondrium

62
Q

AKA osseous tissue, this is a hard calcified tissue that provides structure to the body

A

Bone

63
Q

There are 2 bone tissue types

A

Spongy and compact

64
Q

This kind of bone type fills the heads of long bones and has a spongy appearance

A

Spongy bone

65
Q

This kind of bone lies right underneath the periosteum and forms the external surfaces of all bones

A

Compact bone

66
Q

A complete cylinder and its surrounding lamellae is a

A

Osteon

67
Q

Surrounded by concentric lamellae, this runs longitudinally through the bone

A

Central canal

68
Q

These onion-like layers surrounding the central canal constitute the

A

Concentric lamellae

69
Q

Mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

70
Q

Channels that connect the central canals of osteons, allowing communication and transfer of nutrients

A

canaliculi

71
Q

The entire bone is surrounded by the

A

periosteum

72
Q

Which 2 components in bone allow it to bend under stress?

A

Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

73
Q

Which 2 components of bone allow it to withstand the weight of the body?

A

Calcium and phosphate salts

74
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), and platelets

75
Q

This blood cell is anucleated and is the most abundant

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

76
Q

This blood cell is mainly in connective tissue and is made up of 5 different kinds of cells

A

Leukocytes (WBC)

77
Q

This component of blood is described as “cell fragments”, they are not whole cells

A

Platelets

78
Q

This cell functions to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

79
Q

This cell aids in immune support

A

Leukocytes (WBC)

80
Q

This blood component aids in clotting

A

platelets

81
Q

This type of tissue aids in communication through transmission of electrical signals

A

Nervous tissue

82
Q

These cells assist neurons in their job

A

Glial cells

83
Q

This structure houses nervous cell nucleus, “cell body”

A

Neurosoma

84
Q

This is a short-branched extension of the neurosoma

A

Dendrite

85
Q

This is a much longer extension of the neurosoma that can reach all the way down to the feet

A

Axon / Nerve fiber

86
Q

This tissue exerts force on other tissues, organs, and bodily fluid through contraction

A

Muscular tissue

87
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

88
Q

This muscular tissue consists of multi-nucleated long cells (muscle fibers)

A

Skeletal muscle

89
Q

This muscular tissue is limited to the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

90
Q

This muscular tissue is described as “striated” and “voluntary”

A

Skeletal muscle

91
Q

This muscular tissue is described as “striated” and “invuluntary”

A

Cardiac muscle

92
Q

Are cardiac cells multinucleated?

A

No - Cardiac muscle cells only have 1 nucleus

93
Q

The cells of cardiac muscle are called

A

Cardiomyocytes

94
Q

Each cardiomyocyte is joined end-to-end by junctions called

A

Interculated discs

95
Q

Which kind of junction allows excitation stimuli to pass from cell to cell?

A

Gap junctions

96
Q

This type of muscular tissue lacks striations and is involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

97
Q

Muscular tissue that works automatically and involuntary, forming the walls of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, etc.

A

Visceral muscle

98
Q

This cell/organ secretes substances that are useful for the body or as a waste product

A

Glands

99
Q

If something is synthesized and is useful for the body, this process is

A

Secretion

100
Q

If something is released as a waste product to be eliminated, this process is

A

Excretion

101
Q

Glands are primarily composed of this type of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

102
Q

What are the 2 classes of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

103
Q

This type of gland maintains contact with skin/cavity surface and excretes substances through an epithelial tube

A

Exocrine glands

104
Q

These glands lose contact with surface and have no ducts

A

Endocrine glands

105
Q

These glands contain a high number of blood capillaries and release substances directly into the blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

106
Q

Chemical messenger which is secreted by endocrine glands

A

Hormones

107
Q

Can some organs have both kinds of glands?

A

Yes

108
Q

Secretory cells found in epithelium that can be either endocrine or exocrine and are predominantly non-secretory

A

Unicellular glands

109
Q

Goblet cells and hormone-releasing cells are examples of

A

Unicellular glands

110
Q

Most exocrine glands are enclosed in a

A

Capsule

111
Q

Extending off the capsule of the exocrine glands are the

A

Septa

112
Q

The septa of exocrine glands further divides into

A

Lobes

113
Q

The lobes of exocrine glands can further divide into microscopic

A

lobules

114
Q

The connective tissue framework of an exocrine gland that supports and organizes the glandular tissue is the

A

Stroma

115
Q

These cells in exocrine glands perform synthesis and secretion

A

Parenchyma

116
Q

Which kind of cells are parenchyma usually?

A

Simple cuboidal or simple columnar

117
Q

Exocrine glands are classified as ? if they have a single duct and ? if they have a branched duct

A

Simple, Compound

118
Q

In an exocrine gland, if the duct and sac have the same diameter, it is described as

A

Tubular

119
Q

In an exocrine gland, if the sac is more dilated than the duct, it is described as

A

Acinar

120
Q

A gland where both the tubule and acini secrete products is called

A

Tubuloacinar gland

121
Q

What are the 2 types of exocrine secretions?

A

Serous and mucus

122
Q

These exocrine glands produce thin, watery fluids

A

Serous glands

123
Q

These exocrine glands produce a thick substance called ?

A

Mucin

124
Q

Once mucin mixes with water once secreted, it is now called

A

Mucus

125
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine secretion and how are they classified?

A

Apocrine, eccrine, and holocrine

Classified on their methods of secretion

126
Q

This gland releases its product by exocytosis

A

Eccrine gland

127
Q

This gland releases its products with a lipid droplet that buds from a cell surface

A

Apocrine gland

128
Q

This gland releases its product by accumulating and then dissolving the entire cell

A

Holocrine gland

129
Q

AKA the skin, this membrane is the largest on/in the body and covers the external surface of the body

A

Cutaneous membrane

130
Q

On the inside of the body, there are these 2 types of membranes

A

Mucous membranes and Serous membranes

131
Q

These internal membranes line passageways that open to the exterior
*Respiratory and digestive tracts

A

Mucous membrane

132
Q

A mucous membrane consists of these 3 layers:

A

1) Epithelium
2) Lamina Propria (thin layer of areolar connective tissue)
3) Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)

133
Q

This internal membrane lines the inside of SOME body cavities and covers some viscera

A

Serous membrane

134
Q

The circulatory system is lined with a simple squamous endothelium called the

A

endothelium

135
Q

The entire wall of the blood vessel wall is collectively called the

A

tunica interna

136
Q

This membrane lines the chambers and valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

137
Q

Some joins of the skeleton are enclosed by fibrous ?

A

Synovial membranes

138
Q

These membranes span the gap between bones in a joint and secrete synovial fluid

A

Synovial membranes

139
Q

This is the expansion of tissue through cell multiplication

A

Hyperplasia

140
Q

This is the expansion of tissue through increase in cell size

A

Hypertrophy

141
Q

Expansion of tissue through abnormal growth

A

Neoplasia

142
Q

The development of a more specialized form/function in a tissue is

A

Differentiation

143
Q

Change of one mature tissue form to another is

A

Metaplasia

144
Q

What are the 2 ways tissue can be repaired?

A

Regeneration or fibrosis

145
Q

This method of tissue repair replaces dead/damaged cells with the same cell type as before and restores function

A

Regeneration

146
Q

This method of tissue repair replaces damaged cells with scar tissue and does not restore function

A

Fibrosis

147
Q

Shrinkage of tissue through a decrease in cell number/size

A

Atrophy

148
Q

Atrophy as a result of aging is called

A

Senile atrophy

149
Q

Atrophy as a result of not using the muscle is called

A

Disuse atrophy

150
Q

The premature death of tissue due to trauma/toxins/infections

A

Necrosis

151
Q

Sudden death of a tissue

A

Infarction

152
Q

Tissue necrosis resulting from infection or blood supply

A

Gangrene

153
Q
A

Anatomy (10 decks)

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