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Anatomy > Ch. 2 - Cytology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

On epithelial cells, the top surface is called the ?

A

Apical surface

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2
Q

On epithelial cells, the side surfaces are called the ?

A

Lateral surface

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3
Q

Epithelial cells are on top of a ?

A

Basement membrane

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4
Q

Contains the ‘cytoskeleton’, organelles, and inclusions of cell

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

The membrane of the cell is called the?

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Instead of cytoplasm, there is ? inside the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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7
Q

This “face” of the plasma membrane faces outward

A

Extracellular face

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8
Q

This “face” of the plasma membrane faces inward toward the cytoplasm

A

Intracellular face

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9
Q

“The cell membrane is a ?-layered ? film with embedded proteins”

A

Double, Lipid

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10
Q

The plasma membrane is made of a double layer of these:

A

Phospholipids

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11
Q

Phospholipids have a 3-carbon backbone

A

Glycerol

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12
Q

The head of a phospholipid is ?

A

Hydrophilic

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13
Q

The tail of a phospholipid is ?

A

Hydrophobic

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14
Q

“Loves water”

A

Hydrophilic

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15
Q

“Avoids water”

A

Hydrophobic

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16
Q

This molecule is highly concentrated near the plasma membrane and helps stiffen membrane structure

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

This “…lipid” extends outward from the cell surface and contributes to the glycocalyx

A

Glycolipid

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18
Q

Sugary coating on the surface of the cell

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

What are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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20
Q

These proteins penetrate deep into the phospholipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

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21
Q

If an integral protein penetrates completely through the bilayer, it is a ?

A

Transmembrane protein

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22
Q

Most transmembrane proteins are “?” that contribute to the glycocalyx

A

Glycoproteins

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23
Q

These membrane proteins do not penetrate the phospholipid bilayer, instead adhere to usually the intracellular side of membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

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24
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Physical pressure forces material through a membrane”

A

Filtration

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25
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Solutes moving from an area of high to low concentration”

A

Simple diffusion

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26
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Movement of WATER through a permeable membrane”

A

Osmosis

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27
Q

During osmosis, this is the name of the membrane protein water moves through:

A

Aquaporins

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28
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Movement of solute down its concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier”

A

Facilitated Transport

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29
Q

This molecule cannot be transported un-aided

A

Glucose

30
Q

In facilitated diffusion, does the cell spend energy?

A

No - There is no energy expenditure

31
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Moves solute UP concentration gradient”

A

Active transport

32
Q

In active transport, does the cell spend energy?

A

YES - Active transport requires ATP

33
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is an example of ?

A

Active transport

34
Q

The Na+/K+ pump does what?

A

Expels Na+ from the cell and invites K+ inside the cell

35
Q

Why is the Na+/K+ pump an example of active transport?

A

Both ions are moving UP their concentration gradient.
Potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell and sodium (Na+) is more concentrated outside the cell

36
Q

These 2 types of membrane transport are grouped into a category of “ carrier-mediated transport”

A

Facilitated diffusion and Active transport

37
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Cells move very large particles through bubble-like vesicles”

A

Vesicular Transport

38
Q

Does vesicular transport require ATP?

A

Yes

39
Q

Name the process:
“Dimples forming in the plasma membrane until they pinch off as pinocytotic vesicles containing ECF”

A

Pinocytosis/”Cell-drinking”

40
Q

Membrane Transport:
“More selective version of endocytosis allows specific molecules to be taken into cell with minimum ECF”

A

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

41
Q

Membrane Transport:
“Discharging material from the cell”

A

Exocytosis

42
Q

Cell Structure:
Extension of plasma membrane serving to increase SA for increased absorption

A

Microvilli

43
Q

Microvilli examined under a microscope form a ?

A

Brush border

44
Q

Cell Structure:
Hairlike projections aiding in sensory for cell

A

Cilia

45
Q

Cell Structure:
Projections aiding in motion for the cell

A

Flagella

46
Q

Cell Structure:
Cytoplasm-filled extensions that do not hold a definite shape
(Immune cells)

A

Pseudopods

47
Q

Cell Structure:
Sugar coating of the cell

A

Glycocalyx

48
Q

The glycocalyx is made up of ?

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipdids

49
Q

Cellular Junctions:
Junction wraps around cell near apical surface to join tightly to surrounding cells
“Plastic wrapping to soda cans”

A

Tight junctions

50
Q

Where can tight junctions be found in the body and why?

A

Digestive system - prohibit digestive juices from seeping to places and cause erosion

51
Q

Cellular Junctions:
Protein patch holding cells together at a specific point
“Snap-up shirt”

A

Desmosomes

52
Q

Cellular Junctions:
Allows transfer of proteins, glucose, and other molecules in between cells

A

Gap junctions

53
Q

Organelles:
Holds cell DNA + Control center

A

Nucleus

54
Q

What is on the surface of the rough ER that the smooth ER does not have?

A

Studded ribosomes

55
Q

“Inter-connected channels” in the RER

A

Cisterns

56
Q

Organelles:
Protein synthesis

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

57
Q

Organelles:
Read and interpret DNA messages for amino acid production and link them together

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Organelles:
Group of cisterns that finalize protein synthesis

A

Golgi complex / Golgi aparatus

59
Q

Organelles:
Enzymes that break down proteins, carbs, lipids, foreign bodies, etc. once inside the cell

A

Lysosomes

60
Q

Organelles:
Synthesize cell ATP through aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

The 3 phases of “Interphase”

A

G1, Synthesis (S), G2

62
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis creates cells that are genetically different with half DNA.
Mitosis creates daughter cells genetically identical with full sets of DNA

63
Q

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase

64
Q

Phase of mitosis:
Chromosomes align in the center
Spindle fibers attach to kinetocheres in the center and onto membrane

A

Metaphase

65
Q

Phase of mitosis:
Separated material condenses and daughter cells are formed

A

Telophase

66
Q

Phase of mitosis:
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite ends

A

Anaphase

67
Q

Phase of mitosis:
Genome condenses to form chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles

A

Prophase

68
Q

Immature cells with the potential to differentiate into a variety of cells

A

Stem cells

69
Q

The ability to differentiate into a variety of many cells is also known as ?

A

Developmental plasticity

70
Q

Able to develop into 1 type of cell

A

Unipotent

71
Q

Able to develop into many types of cells

A

Multipotent

Anatomy (10 decks)

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