Ch. 2 - Cytology Flashcards
On epithelial cells, the top surface is called the ?
Apical surface
On epithelial cells, the side surfaces are called the ?
Lateral surface
Epithelial cells are on top of a ?
Basement membrane
Contains the ‘cytoskeleton’, organelles, and inclusions of cell
Cytoplasm
The membrane of the cell is called the?
Plasma membrane
Instead of cytoplasm, there is ? inside the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
This “face” of the plasma membrane faces outward
Extracellular face
This “face” of the plasma membrane faces inward toward the cytoplasm
Intracellular face
“The cell membrane is a ?-layered ? film with embedded proteins”
Double, Lipid
The plasma membrane is made of a double layer of these:
Phospholipids
Phospholipids have a 3-carbon backbone
Glycerol
The head of a phospholipid is ?
Hydrophilic
The tail of a phospholipid is ?
Hydrophobic
“Loves water”
Hydrophilic
“Avoids water”
Hydrophobic
This molecule is highly concentrated near the plasma membrane and helps stiffen membrane structure
Cholesterol
This “…lipid” extends outward from the cell surface and contributes to the glycocalyx
Glycolipid
Sugary coating on the surface of the cell
Glycocalyx
What are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins
These proteins penetrate deep into the phospholipid bilayer
Integral proteins
If an integral protein penetrates completely through the bilayer, it is a ?
Transmembrane protein
Most transmembrane proteins are “?” that contribute to the glycocalyx
Glycoproteins
These membrane proteins do not penetrate the phospholipid bilayer, instead adhere to usually the intracellular side of membrane
Peripheral proteins
Membrane Transport:
“Physical pressure forces material through a membrane”
Filtration
Membrane Transport:
“Solutes moving from an area of high to low concentration”
Simple diffusion
Membrane Transport:
“Movement of WATER through a permeable membrane”
Osmosis
During osmosis, this is the name of the membrane protein water moves through:
Aquaporins
Membrane Transport:
“Movement of solute down its concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier”
Facilitated Transport
This molecule cannot be transported un-aided
Glucose
In facilitated diffusion, does the cell spend energy?
No - There is no energy expenditure
Membrane Transport:
“Moves solute UP concentration gradient”
Active transport
In active transport, does the cell spend energy?
YES - Active transport requires ATP
The Na+/K+ pump is an example of ?
Active transport
The Na+/K+ pump does what?
Expels Na+ from the cell and invites K+ inside the cell
Why is the Na+/K+ pump an example of active transport?
Both ions are moving UP their concentration gradient.
Potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell and sodium (Na+) is more concentrated outside the cell
These 2 types of membrane transport are grouped into a category of “ carrier-mediated transport”
Facilitated diffusion and Active transport
Membrane Transport:
“Cells move very large particles through bubble-like vesicles”
Vesicular Transport
Does vesicular transport require ATP?
Yes
Name the process:
“Dimples forming in the plasma membrane until they pinch off as pinocytotic vesicles containing ECF”
Pinocytosis/”Cell-drinking”
Membrane Transport:
“More selective version of endocytosis allows specific molecules to be taken into cell with minimum ECF”
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Membrane Transport:
“Discharging material from the cell”
Exocytosis
Cell Structure:
Extension of plasma membrane serving to increase SA for increased absorption
Microvilli
Microvilli examined under a microscope form a ?
Brush border
Cell Structure:
Hairlike projections aiding in sensory for cell
Cilia
Cell Structure:
Projections aiding in motion for the cell
Flagella
Cell Structure:
Cytoplasm-filled extensions that do not hold a definite shape
(Immune cells)
Pseudopods
Cell Structure:
Sugar coating of the cell
Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is made up of ?
Glycoproteins and glycolipdids
Cellular Junctions:
Junction wraps around cell near apical surface to join tightly to surrounding cells
“Plastic wrapping to soda cans”
Tight junctions
Where can tight junctions be found in the body and why?
Digestive system - prohibit digestive juices from seeping to places and cause erosion
Cellular Junctions:
Protein patch holding cells together at a specific point
“Snap-up shirt”
Desmosomes
Cellular Junctions:
Allows transfer of proteins, glucose, and other molecules in between cells
Gap junctions
Organelles:
Holds cell DNA + Control center
Nucleus
What is on the surface of the rough ER that the smooth ER does not have?
Studded ribosomes
“Inter-connected channels” in the RER
Cisterns
Organelles:
Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelles:
Read and interpret DNA messages for amino acid production and link them together
Ribosomes
Organelles:
Group of cisterns that finalize protein synthesis
Golgi complex / Golgi aparatus
Organelles:
Enzymes that break down proteins, carbs, lipids, foreign bodies, etc. once inside the cell
Lysosomes
Organelles:
Synthesize cell ATP through aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
The 3 phases of “Interphase”
G1, Synthesis (S), G2
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis creates cells that are genetically different with half DNA.
Mitosis creates daughter cells genetically identical with full sets of DNA
What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase
Phase of mitosis:
Chromosomes align in the center
Spindle fibers attach to kinetocheres in the center and onto membrane
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis:
Separated material condenses and daughter cells are formed
Telophase
Phase of mitosis:
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite ends
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis:
Genome condenses to form chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
Prophase
Immature cells with the potential to differentiate into a variety of cells
Stem cells
The ability to differentiate into a variety of many cells is also known as ?
Developmental plasticity
Able to develop into 1 type of cell
Unipotent
Able to develop into many types of cells
Multipotent
