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SAC A&P I > Ch. 6 Bone > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Why are canaliculi necessary?

A

Canaliculi connect the lacunae (containing osteocytes) with the central canal for blood and nutrients.

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2
Q

Name three types of tissue found in bone.

A

Cells (Osteo- and marrow), Organic (collagen fibers), & Inorganic (salts)

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3
Q

What type of cartilage is most plentiful in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage is found on the ends of long bones, in the rib cage, respiratory passageways, and external nose.

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4
Q

What accurately describes the difference between cartilage and bone?

A

Chondrocytes may divide and secrete new matrix, expanding interstitially. Hard, calcified bone cannot grow in that manner.

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5
Q

What is a function of red marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis, or red blood cell formation.

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6
Q

Which bones are incorrectly paired?

Scapulae; irregular
Carpals; short
Humerus; long
Sternum; flat

A

Scapulae; irregular (they are flat)

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7
Q

Which of the following is found in compact bone, but not spongy bone?

A) Central canal
B) Trabeculae
C) Lamellae
D) Osteocytes

A

A central canal is found within each cylindrical osteon of compact bone

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8
Q

What cell type is found within lacunae?

A

OsteoCytes

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9
Q

What hormone is thought to decrease plasma calcium in pregnant women and children?

A

Calcitonin

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10
Q

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

A

Calcitriol

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way calcitriol alters calcium levels?

A) Increase Osteoclasts
B) Increase Osteoblasts
C) Increase reabsorbtion in kidneys

A

Increase osteoblasts

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12
Q

Which hormone works directly in the small intestine to increase plasma calcium?

PTH
Calcitonin
Calcitriol

A

Calcitriol (derived from Vit D)

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13
Q

The epiphyseal plate is composed primarily of ?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Articular cartilage is made of what type?

A

Hyaline

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15
Q

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?

A) Articular cartilage
B) Osteoids
C) Periosteium
D) Hydroxyapatites

A

Hydroxyapatite, or mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, accounts for the most notable characteristic of bone—its exceptional hardness, which allows it to resist compression.

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17
Q

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is

A

Osteoporosis occurs when the rate of bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone formation

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18
Q

What is not true concerning periosteum?

A

The periosteum does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone.

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19
Q

During fetal intramembranous ossification, bone develops from ?

A

Fibrous connective tissue membranes; Cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts

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20
Q

The cells that maintain mature compact bone are

A

Osteocytes

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21
Q

The lacunae of bone contain

A

Osteocytes

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22
Q

Long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to ?

A

Endochondrial ossification

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23
Q

Intramembranous ossification forms ? bones.

A

Cranial bones

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24
Q

Which of the following is a canal-like passageway allowing vasculature and nerves to move through the bone?

Fossa
Condyle
Tubercule
Meatus

A

Meatus is a hole or canal-like passageway

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25
Q

The menisci of the knee are made of

A

Fibrocartilage

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26
Q

Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult?

A

The sternum is the site of choice for a bone marrow biopsy in an adult because hematopoiesis continues to be very active within the sternum.

27
Q

Homeostatic blood calcium levels should range from ? to ?

A

9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters

28
Q

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

A

Although rickets is very rare in the United States, most cases occur when a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient.

29
Q

What are fossa?

A

Bone depressions

30
Q

Most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossification. T/F?

A

True

31
Q

A bone broken in three or more places is called

A

Comminuted

32
Q

Which structure consists of hyaline cartilage?

A) Epiphyseal plate
B) Red bone marrow
C) Periosteum
D) Circumstantial lamellae

A

The Epiphyseal Plate is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

33
Q

Which of the following does not occur during the events leading to the lengthening of a bone?

Osteoblasts produce osteoid
Calcified spicules are broken down
Chondrocytes enlarge
Cartilage cells multiply

A

Osteoblasts produce osteoid which calcifies within fibrous connective tissue membranes. This event occurs during the intramembranous development of flat bones, not during the the growth of long bones.

34
Q

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of ?

A

The flat cranial bones and the clavicles

35
Q

Which of the following results from the effects of PTH?

Stimulation of osteoclasts
Proliferation at epiphyseal plate
Production of bone matrix
Decrease in serum Ca++

A

Stimulation of osteoClast activity. PTH is released in response to calcium deficiency. The breakdown of bone matrix increases serum Ca++.

36
Q

Bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress is triggered by ?

A

Signals produced by osteocytes in the affected bone.

37
Q

The material that initially connects the broken ends of bones together is formed from ?

A

Collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts contribute to the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus that spans the break.

38
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

Paget’s disease is caused by Vit D deficiency.
Osteomalacia may be caused by insufficient calcium
Rickets is a disease analogous to osteomalacia
Osteoporosis is influenced by hormone changes

A

Paget’s disease may be caused by a viral infection.

Osteomalacia and rickets are caused by insufficient calcium or Vit D deficiency.

39
Q

What is not a function of the skeletal system?

A

Generating heat

40
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis include:

A

Red marrow of spongy bone
Heads of femur and humerus in adults
Medullary cavities of infants

41
Q

The organic portion of matrix is important in providing:

A

Tensile strength
Ability to resist stretch
Flexibility

42
Q

Bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by ?

A

Mechanical stress & PTH

43
Q

Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located?

A

Between the resting zone and hypertrophic zone

44
Q

Wolff’s law is concerned with ?

A

The shape of a bone being determined by the mechanical stress placed upon it

45
Q

Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by ?

A

Bone remodeling

46
Q

The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is called ?

A

Greenstick

47
Q

Describe in proper sequence the events of endochondral ossification in a long bone.

A
  1. Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.
  2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities.
  3. Periosteal bud invades the cavities and spongy bone forms.
  4. The diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms.
  5. Epiphysis ossifies
48
Q

Women suffering from osteoporosis are frequent victims of ___ fractures of the vertebrae.

A

Compression

49
Q

A blow to the cheek is most likely to break what superficial bone?

A

Zygomatic process

50
Q

Which of the following are part of the sphenoid?

Crista galli
Sella turcica
Petrous portion
Pterygoid process
Lesser wings
A

Sella turcica
Pterygoid process
Less wings

51
Q

Structural characteristics of all cervical vertebrae are ?

A

Tranverse foramina

52
Q

Which of the following exhibits a styloid process?

Hyoid
Temporal
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
A

Temporal
Radius
Ulna

53
Q

Coxal bone markings include:

Ala
Sacral hiatus
Gluteal surface
Pubic ramus
Fovea capitis
A

Ala
Gluteal surface
Pubic ramus

54
Q

Cartilaginous joints include ___ and ___.

A

Symphyses and Synchondroses

55
Q

___ and ___ are considered to be part of synovial joints.

A

Articular cartilage and Capsular ligaments

56
Q

Which of the following joints has the greatest freedom of movement?

Interphalangeal
Saddle joint of thumb
Distal tibiofibular
Coxal

A

Coxal

57
Q

What is an autoimmune disease resulting in inflammation and eventual fusion of diarthotic joints?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

58
Q

Which of the following bones are not paired?

Parietal
Frontal
Sternum
Pubis
Calcaneus
A

Frontal and Sternum

59
Q

? hormone enhances bone resorption.

A

PTH

60
Q

? hormone inhibits bone resorption.

A

Calcitonin

61
Q

Name two types of cartilagenous joints.

A

Synchondroses and Symphyses

62
Q

Give an example of a Synchondrosis joint.

A

Attaching ribs to sternum

63
Q

Give an example of a Symphysis joint.

A

Pubic symphysis

64
Q

Whre is red marrow found?

A

Trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë (DIP-lo-ee) of flat bones

SAC A&P I (13 decks)

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