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SAC A&P I > Ch. 3 The Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy source for facilitated diffusion?

A

The kinetic energy of the diffusing solute provides the energy allowing them to move down concentration gradient.

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2
Q

How would CO2 likely diffuse across cell membrane?

A

Small non-polar molecules readily dissolve in lipids and may therefore diffuse across.

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3
Q

What energy source is used most directly during the secondary active transport of glucose into the cell?

A

The facilitated diffusion of Na+ ions across the membrane; “Co-transporter”/Symport to power the secondary active transport.

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4
Q

What is true regarding extracellular Na+ and K+ ion concentrations?

A

Na+ ion concentrations are high outside the cell relative to the inside of the cell.

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5
Q

What explains why the interior of the plasma membrane is more negatively charged than the exterior of the membrane?

A

Significant amounts of K+ diffuse out of the cell. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+. Because of the concentration gradient, significant amounts of K+ diffuse out through leakage channels, leaving a negative charge inside.

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6
Q

True or False? Membrane-bound receptors act as carriers that allow the diffusion of ligands into cells.

A

FALSE; ligands function to activate receptors but are not transported into the cell as part of a signaling event.

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7
Q

Accurately track a glycoprotein from its site of initial synthesis to its arrival at the plasma membrane:

A

ER – transport vesicle – Golgi – secretory vesicles – plasma membrane

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8
Q

What structure functions to increase the absorptive ability of kidney and intestinal cells?

A

Microvilli: tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that aid in absorption by increasing surface area.

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9
Q

True or False: The products of DNA replication include one double helix consisting of two original strands and one double helix consisting of two newly synthesized strands.

A

FALSE; each new molecule consists of one old and one new nucleotide strand, known as “semi-conservative replication”.

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10
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope reforms.

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11
Q

What is not a function of the ribosome during polypeptide synthesis?

A

Removing introns from pre-mRNA. RNA splicing is performed by “spliceosomes”.

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12
Q

Is mRNA synthesized in the cytoplasm or the nucleus?

A

RNA is synthesized during transcription of chromosomal DNA in the nucleus.

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13
Q

What is the main component of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

What is not a function of proteins in cell membrane?

A

Forming the entire glycocalyx

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15
Q

What part of the cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial (extracellular) fluid?

A

Phosphate head of phospholipids

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16
Q

What is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

A

Na+; cell membrane largely non-polar, so gases can easily pass through.

Polar molecules, like Na+, K+, and Glucose need to go through protein channels.

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17
Q

What is not required for osmosis to occur?

A

Cellular energy

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18
Q

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person’s cells?

A

The cells will lose water and shrink.

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19
Q

Three examples of Active Transport

A

Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Primary active transport (uses ATP)

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20
Q

What is another name for secondary active transport?

A

Symport

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21
Q

Three examples of Passive Transport

A

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis

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22
Q

What is characteristic of cilia?

A

They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

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23
Q

What happens in G1 subphase?

A

The cell synthesizes proteins rapidly and grows vigorously.

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24
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA is replicated.

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25
Q

What happens in G2 subphase?

A

Protein needs for division are synthesized and moved to their proper sites.

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26
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of Mitosis, Chromosomes become visible, Spindle forms.

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27
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of Mitosis

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28
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of Mitosis in which chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell.

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29
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage of Mitosis, Chromosomes complete migration to poles of cell.

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30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm after the nucleus has divided

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31
Q

Sequence of events in Translation

A

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

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32
Q

Apoptosis

A

A process of controlled cellular suicide

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33
Q

Does Apoptosis use lysosomes?

A

No, unlike autophagy, apoptosis does not use lysosomes.

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34
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells.

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35
Q

Codon

A

Three base sequence on mRNA that provides genetic information for protein synthesis

36
Q

The smallest unit capable of life is ?

A

The Cell

37
Q

The major types of lipids found in plasma membranes.

A

Cholesterol and Triglycerides

38
Q

Membrane junctions that allow nutrients or ions to flow from cell to cell are called ?

A

Gap junctions

39
Q

Osmosis always involves ?

A

A selectively permeable membrane, difference in solute concentration, and diffusion.

40
Q

The endocytotic process in which a sampling of particulate matter is engulfed and brought into the cell:

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

The nuclear substance composed of histone proteins and DNA is:

A

Chromatin

42
Q

The information sequence that determines the nature of a protein is:

A

Gene

43
Q

The phase of mitosis during which centrioles reach the poles and chromosomes attach to the spindle:

A

Prophase

44
Q

The RNA synthesized on one of the DNA strands:

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

45
Q

The RNA species that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carrying the coded message:

A

mRNA

46
Q

A nerve cell and lymphocyte are presumed to differ in their:

A

Specialized structure and genetic information

47
Q

A physiologist observes that the concentration of Na+ inside a cell is decidedly lower than outside. She also observes that there is a small leakage of Na+ into the cell. What process prevents the concentration gradient from disappearing?

A

Primary active transport

48
Q

Three ways cells can be bound to each other

A

Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

49
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

50
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

51
Q

Brownian Motion

A

The erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium

52
Q

Diffusion is influenced by ?

A

Concentration, Size, and Temperature

53
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measures the concentration of the total number of solute particles in a solvent

54
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Outward pressure exerted on cell side of membrane

55
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Inward pressure due to tendency of water to be pulled into cell

56
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of the cell by altering cell’s internal water volume

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bringing into the cell in bulk

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Drinking” a small sample of extracellular environment

59
Q

Cytoplasm consists of?

A

Cytosol and Organelles

60
Q

Cytoskeleton consists of 3 protein filaments called ?

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules

61
Q

What does Rough ER synthesize?

A

Glycoproteins and Phospholipids

62
Q

What does Smooth ER synthesize?

A

Fatty Acids and Steroids

63
Q

Which ER deactivates or detoxifies drugs?

A

Smooth ER

64
Q

What best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it

65
Q

What is NOT a function or role performed by proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Synthesis of proteins

66
Q

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the cell equator?

A

In metaphase, the chromosomes cluster around the middle of the cell, with their centromeres aligned on the cell equator.

67
Q

Lysosomes perform what cellular functions?

A

Lysosomes are spherical membrane-bound sacs that contain many different digestive enzymes utilized within the cell.

68
Q

Which organelle produces secretory vesicles?

A

Secretory vesicles bud off of the trans-Golgi network of the Golgi apparatus and travel to the plasma membrane, where their contents are secreted.

69
Q

Which organelle maintains cell shape, supports cellular structures, and generates cell movements?

A

The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol, maintaining cell shape, supporting cellular structures, and generating cell movements.

70
Q

Which organelle possesses oxidase enzymes that function in neutralizing harmful free radicals?

A

Peroxisomes contain a wide variety of enzymes, including oxidases, which function in neutralizing harmful free radicals in the cells.

71
Q

Which nucleic acid molecules are involved in transcription but not translation in the synthesis of a particular polypeptide?

A

DNA is copied into mRNA in transcription within the nucleus in the synthesis of a particular polypeptide.

72
Q

Cells may be said to be “sugar-coated” because of the presence of __________.

A

The glycocalyx is made up of glycoproteins, which are proteins with carbohydrate side chains located on the outside surface of the cell membrane, thus causing the cell to appear sugar-coated.

73
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane that bind hormones and relay messages into the interior of the cell __________.

A

perform a function known as signal transduction.

74
Q

Definite changes in the __________ of the cell membrane can be seen in a cell that is becoming cancerous.

A

The glycocalyx shows definite changes when the cell becomes cancerous and changes continuously to keep the immune system from recognizing it.

75
Q

Crenation takes place when a cell is placed in a(n) __________.

A

Hypertonic solution. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution shrink from loss of water and are said to be “crenated.”

76
Q

The resting membrane potential is mainly determined by __________.

A

the differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions.

77
Q

Cristae are found in which of the following cell organelles?

A

The mitochondria contain cristae produced by the inward folding of their inner membrane.

78
Q

The underlying cause of Tay-Sachs disease is __________.

A

Lysosomes swollen with undigested lipids in nerve cells from the lack of the enzymes needed to digest a certain glycolipid are the cause of Tay-Sachs disease.

79
Q

Which of the following types of RNA contains regions that act as a switch to turn protein synthesis on and off for the protein they code for?

A

Riboswitches contain regions that act as a switch to turn protein synthesis of the protein they code for on or off.

80
Q

Cells of the body mainly use __________ for the selective endocytosis of most macromolecules.

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

81
Q

DNA is replicated during the __________ phase of the cell cycle.

A

S

82
Q

A gene is best defined as __________.

A

a segment of DNA that carries instructions for the production of one polypeptide chain

83
Q

In the immune system, some components are able to recognize sugar groups attached to the outside of a bacterium. These immune components must be recognizing which membrane lipids?

A

Glycolipids

84
Q

Cells may be said to be “sugar-coated” due to the presence of ?

A

Glycocalyx

85
Q

What is the plasma-membrane lipid that stiffens the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

What are mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation?

A

Desmosomes

87
Q

Definite changes in the ________ of the cell membrane can be seen in a cell that is becoming cancerous.

A

Glycocalyx

SAC A&P I (13 decks)

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