Ch. 12 CNS Flashcards
What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus collosum
Where is the arbor vitae located?
Cerebellum
Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?
Cerebrum
Name cranial nerve I.
Olfactory nerve
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?
A) Optic chiasm
B) Optic nerve
C) Olfactory bulbs
D) Optic tract
Optic chiasm
What ventricles are found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.
Central canal
True or false, cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles.
True
True or false, the ventricles are all interconnected.
True
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
Lateral ventricles
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?
Gray matter
What is the function of white matter?
Transmits messages
True or false, the composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies.
True
How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?
3; Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
Epithalamus
True or false, the pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
False; the Pineal gland secretes melatonin
True or false, the diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum.
True
How many regions make up the brain stem?
3; Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?
Midbrain
Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?
Fourth ventricle
During meningitis, which layer is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?
Pia matter
The prefix meaning “body”.
Somato-
The prefix meaning “head”.
Cephal-
The prefix meaning “spider”.
Arachn-
The prefix meaning “brain”.
Cerebr-
The _______ division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle.
Somatic Motor
The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the ________.
Arachnoid Mater
Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called _______.
Cephalization
Your patient’s CT scan demonstrates a cerebral vascular accident causing damage to the inferior and posterior portions of her left cerebral hemisphere. Your patient is right-handed. What deficits should you expect?
Difficulty with movement on the right side of her body and difficulty with speech
What is true of both poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
Both conditions are caused by destruction of the ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord.
Basal nuclei function
Important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex
Gyrus definition
Elevated ridge of tissue
The gustatory cortex is involved in ?
The perception of taste stimuli
Aqueductal stenosis would prevent the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between ?
The third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
Sulcus defintion
A shallow groove
Cerebral cortex function
The “executive suite” of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found
? is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by its partner.
Lateralization
Which landmark separates the cerebral hemispheres?
The longitudinal fissure
POSTcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe function
Sensory functions
Which cortical region is involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (called cognition), recall, and personality?
Anterior association area
PREcentral gyrus of the frontal lobe function
Motor functions
Gray matter definition
Neural cell bodies
The adult brain is divided into 4 parts:
Cerebral hemispheres, Diencephalon, Brain stem, and Cerebellum
Lateral ventricles are separated by ?
Septum Pellucidum
Gyri means ?
Ridges
Sulci means ?
Shallow grooves
Fissures means ?
Deep grooves
What formation separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
What formation separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse cerebral fissure
What structure is the “executive suite” of the brain?
Cerebral cortex
Which area of the brain has an outer layer of gray matter?
A) Cerebellum and cerebrum
B) Brainstem and cerebrum
C) Brainstem and cerebellum
D) Diencephalon and cerebrum
Cerebellum and cerebrum
The anterior most area of the cerebrum is associated with which distinctive function?
A) Applying intellect and cognition
B) Perception of the visual stimulus
C) Conscious control of skeletal muscle
D) Understanding written and spoken language
Applying intellect and cognition are among the complex functions generated within the anterior association area, also called the prefrontal cortex
What part of the diencephalon is the gateway to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Which brain structure relays information to the cerebral cortex?
A) Thalamus
B) Epithalamus
C) Hypothalamus
D) Pituitary gland
Thalamus
What part of the brain calculates appropriate force and direction of intended muscle movements?
The cerebellum determines coordinated movement based upon body position and momentum
Motor outputs for autonomic functions are found in the ?
Brainstem
Control centers that initiate responses to emotional stimuli are found in the ?
Hypothalamus
What is the order of structures of the common flow of CSF from formation to reabsorption to cardiovascular circulation?
1) Choroid plexus
2) Cerebral aqueduct
3) Median aperture
4) Subarachnoid space
5) Superior sagittal sinus
Which condition is most specifically associated with functional defects arising within the basal nuclei?
A) Parkinson’s
B) CVA’s
C) Alzheimer’s
D) Concussion
Parkinson’s results from degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons within the basal nuclei
Which structure is formed by the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal?
A) Cauda equina
B) Conus medularis
C) Filum terminale
D) Lumbar enlargement
The cauda equina hang below the conus medularis
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere?
A) Basal Nuclei
B) Diencephalon
C) Gray Matter
D) White Matter
Diencephalon
Large neurons, called ? in the precentral gyrus allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.
Pyramidal cells
The ____ ____ cortex allows us to give meaning to the information that we receive, store it in memory if needed, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and decide what action to take.
Multimodal association
_______ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner.
Lateralization
_______ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers.
The cerebral white matter
Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Thalamus
C) Epithalamus
D) Pineal body
Hypothalamus
Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain?
A) Cerebellum
B) Midbrain
C) Pons
D) Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons?
A) Poliomyelitis
B) Paraplegia
C) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
D) Meningitis
Poliomyelitis
True or flase, cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth?
True
In _____, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop
Anencephaly
____ ____ is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid in the maternal diet.
Spina bifida
If the transection occurs between ? and ?, both lower limbs are affected, resulting in paraplegia.
T1 and L1
The primary motor cortex, Broca’s area, and the premotor cortex are located in which lobe?
Frontal lobe
The innermost layer of meninges, delicate and adjacent to brain tissue, is the ?
Pia mater
CSF is formed by ?
A) Arachnoid granulations
B) Dura mater
C) Choroid plexuses
D) All of these
All of them
Destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in a loss of ?
Voluntary motor impulses
Fiber tracts that allow neurons within the same cerebral hemisphere to communicate are ?
Association fibers
What is the function of basal nuclei?
Coordinate and control motor activity
Which basal nuclei form the striatum?
The striatum is formed by the caudate nucleus and the putamen.
What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?
Helps to keep the cerebral cortex alert while filtering out unimportant inputs.
What constitutes the blood brain barrier?
Endothelial cells joined by particularly tight junctions
What are the 5 lobes of the Cerebrum?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, and Insula
What are Pyramidal cells?
Large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled movement
What does the PREmotor cortex do?
Helps plan movement, learns repetitious motor activities, and coordinates simultaneous actions
What is another name for the Anterior association area?
Prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Most complicated region involved with intellect and personality
Where is Wernicke’s area located?
Posterior association area
What does the Limbic system do?
Make us consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives
What does the Reticular Formation do?
Regulate muscle tone and maintain consciousness and awaken from sleep
What is the Choroid Plexus?
A cluster of capillaries that hang from each cerebral ventricle
What is the reflex center involved in olfaction that lies posterior to the pituitary gland?
Mammillary body
What is the site of regulation of water balance and body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What forms the cerebral spinal fluid?
Choroid Plexus
What contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brainstem centers?
Pons
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
What contains autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure as well as coughing and sneezing centers?
Medulla oblongata
The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere is found in the ? gyrus.
Postcentral
The primary motor area in the ? lobe is involved in voluntary movement.
Frontal
The specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus is called ?
Broca’s area
The primary motor cortex is located in the ? gyrus.
Precentral
