Ch. 2 Chemistry Flashcards
Fatty acid
Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat.
Sol-gel transformation
Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state.
Active site
Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge.
Peptide bond
Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids.
Thymine (T)
Single-ring base (a PYRIMIDINE) in DNA.
Adenine (A)
One of the two major PURINES found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP.
Guanine (G)
One of two major PURINES occurring in all nucleic acids.
Cytosine (C)
Nitrogen-containing PYRIMIDINE base that is part of a nucleotide structure.
Uracil (U)
A smaller, single-ring base (a PYRMIDINE) found in RNA.
Lipid
Hydrophobic organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Neutralization reaction
Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.
Coenzyme
Nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme; typically a vitamin.
Glycerol
A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats.
Polysaccharide
Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen.
Monosaccharide
Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose.
Disaccharide
Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose.
Protein
Organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzymes, structural components; 10-30% of cell mass.
Ammonia (NH3)
Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water and capable of acting as a weak base; a proton acceptor.
Steroids
A class of lipids derived from (and including) cholesterol; act as hormones and as constituents of phospholipid bilayer membranes.
Colloid
Solute particles larger than in solution, scatters light, particles do not settle.
Alpha (α)-helix
The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles a coiled spring.
Suspension
Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out and may scatter light.
Apoenzyme
The protein portion of an enzyme.
Nucleotide
Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
Substrate
A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed.
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that retain properties of that element
Bicarbonate
HCO3 (-)
Phosphate
PO4 (3-)
Oxidation
Loss of electrons and energy release
Reduction
Gain of electrons and energy
Solution
Solute particles very tiny, do not settle, do not scatter light
Acid
Proton donor, disassociates into H+
Base
Proton acceptor, disassociates into OH-
Maltose consists of:
Glucose and Glucose
Lactose consists of:
Glucose and Galactose
Sucrose consists of:
Glucose and Fructose
Name four Polysaccharides
Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, and Chitin
Name two steroids
Cholesterol and Cortisol
What type of energy moves in waves?
Radiant
What describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension?
A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot.
? is the process by which atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules.
Anabolism
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is both ___ and ___.
Catabolic and exergonic
Chemical reactions take place faster if the reacting particles are present in a higher or lower concentrations?
A high concentration of reagents
Prostaglandins are ?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Enzymes
Lipids
Carbohydrates have CHO with a ? ratio.
1:2:1
The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the ________ structure of the protein.
Primary
True or false, colloids (emulsions) are heterogeneous mixtures.
True
Which of the following are true concerning the atomic nucleus?
A) Contains the mass of the atom
B) Negatively charged particles are here
C) Contains particles that determine atomic number
D) Contains particles that interact with other atoms
A, C, and D
Organic compounds include:
A) Water B) Carbon Dioxide C) Oxygen D) Carbonic Acid E) Glycerol
Glycerol
Important functions of water include:
A) Cushioning B) Transport medium C) Participation in reactions D) Solvent for solutes E) Reducing temperature fluctuations
All
What is the most abundant extracellular anion?
Chloride
Alkaline substances include:
A) Gastric juice B) Water C) Blood D) Orange juice E) Ammonia
Blood and Ammonia
Which of the following are not monosaccharides?
A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Sucrose D) Glycogen E) Deoxyribose
Sucrose and Glycogen
What is the building block of neutral fats?
Glycerol
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the helical structure of a polypeptide chain?
A) Hydrogen bonds B) Tertiary folding C) Peptide bonds D) Quaternary folding E) Complementary base pairing
Hydrogen bonding
Which of the following is NOT true of RNA?
A) Double stranded B) Contains cytosine C) Directs protein synthesis D) Found primarily in the nucleus E) Can act as an enzyme
Not double stranded and not found in the nucleus
DNA:
A) Contains uracil
B) is a helix
C) is the “genes”
D) contains ribose
DNA is a helix and is the “genes”
A sample is shown to have C, H, O, N, and P as its constituents and is identified as a:
A) Carbohydrate
B) Protein
C) Lipid
D) Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Which of the following are synthetic reactions:
A) Glucose to glycogen
B) Glucose and fructose to sucrose
C) Starch to glucose
D) Amino acids to dipeptide
A, B, and D
Which of the following does NOT describe a mixture?
A) Properties of components are retained
B) Chemical bonds are formed
C) Components can be separated physically
D) Includes heterogenous and homogenous examples
Chemical bonds are not formed in a mixture
Factors that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions include all of the following except:
A) Presence of catalysts
B) Increasing temperature
C) Increasing particle size
D) Increasing concentration
Increasing particle size
Which of the following is an inorganic molecule?
A) Sucrose
B) Cholesterol
C) Collagen
D) Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Acids:
A) Release hydroxyl when dissolved in water
B) Are proton acceptors
C) Cause the pH to rise
D) Release protons when dissolved in water
Release protons
The lipids used as the basis of Vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile salts are:
A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipids
D) Prostaglandin
Cholesterol
____ are carbohydrate building blocks.
Monosaccharides
Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a ?
Polypeptide
Proteins are ____ in extremes of temperature or pH.
Denatured
DNA contains the nitrogenous bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Thymine
RNA contains the nitrogenous bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Uracil
