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SAC A&P I > Ch. 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty acid

A

Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat.

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2
Q

Sol-gel transformation

A

Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state.

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3
Q

Active site

A

Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge.

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4
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.

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5
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids.

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6
Q

Thymine (T)

A

Single-ring base (a PYRIMIDINE) in DNA.

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7
Q

Adenine (A)

A

One of the two major PURINES found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP.

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8
Q

Guanine (G)

A

One of two major PURINES occurring in all nucleic acids.

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9
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

Nitrogen-containing PYRIMIDINE base that is part of a nucleotide structure.

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10
Q

Uracil (U)

A

A smaller, single-ring base (a PYRMIDINE) found in RNA.

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11
Q

Lipid

A

Hydrophobic organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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12
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.

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13
Q

Coenzyme

A

Nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme; typically a vitamin.

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14
Q

Glycerol

A

A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats.

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15
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen.

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16
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose.

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose.

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18
Q

Protein

A

Organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzymes, structural components; 10-30% of cell mass.

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19
Q

Ammonia (NH3)

A

Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water and capable of acting as a weak base; a proton acceptor.

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20
Q

Steroids

A

A class of lipids derived from (and including) cholesterol; act as hormones and as constituents of phospholipid bilayer membranes.

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21
Q

Colloid

A

Solute particles larger than in solution, scatters light, particles do not settle.

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22
Q

Alpha (α)-helix

A

The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles a coiled spring.

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23
Q

Suspension

A

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out and may scatter light.

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24
Q

Apoenzyme

A

The protein portion of an enzyme.

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25
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.

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26
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed.

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27
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that retain properties of that element

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28
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO3 (-)

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29
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4 (3-)

30
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons and energy release

31
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons and energy

32
Q

Solution

A

Solute particles very tiny, do not settle, do not scatter light

33
Q

Acid

A

Proton donor, disassociates into H+

34
Q

Base

A

Proton acceptor, disassociates into OH-

35
Q

Maltose consists of:

A

Glucose and Glucose

36
Q

Lactose consists of:

A

Glucose and Galactose

37
Q

Sucrose consists of:

A

Glucose and Fructose

38
Q

Name four Polysaccharides

A

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, and Chitin

39
Q

Name two steroids

A

Cholesterol and Cortisol

40
Q

What type of energy moves in waves?

A

Radiant

41
Q

What describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension?

A

A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot.

42
Q

? is the process by which atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules.

A

Anabolism

43
Q

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is both ___ and ___.

A

Catabolic and exergonic

44
Q

Chemical reactions take place faster if the reacting particles are present in a higher or lower concentrations?

A

A high concentration of reagents

45
Q

Prostaglandins are ?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Enzymes

A

Lipids

46
Q

Carbohydrates have CHO with a ? ratio.

A

1:2:1

47
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the ________ structure of the protein.

A

Primary

48
Q

True or false, colloids (emulsions) are heterogeneous mixtures.

A

True

49
Q

Which of the following are true concerning the atomic nucleus?

A) Contains the mass of the atom
B) Negatively charged particles are here
C) Contains particles that determine atomic number
D) Contains particles that interact with other atoms

A

A, C, and D

50
Q

Organic compounds include:

A) Water
B) Carbon Dioxide
C) Oxygen
D) Carbonic Acid
E) Glycerol
A

Glycerol

51
Q

Important functions of water include:

A) Cushioning
B) Transport medium
C) Participation in reactions
D) Solvent for solutes
E) Reducing temperature fluctuations
A

All

52
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

A

Chloride

53
Q

Alkaline substances include:

A) Gastric juice
B) Water
C) Blood
D) Orange juice
E) Ammonia
A

Blood and Ammonia

54
Q

Which of the following are not monosaccharides?

A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Sucrose
D) Glycogen
E) Deoxyribose
A

Sucrose and Glycogen

55
Q

What is the building block of neutral fats?

A

Glycerol

56
Q

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the helical structure of a polypeptide chain?

A) Hydrogen bonds
B) Tertiary folding
C) Peptide bonds
D) Quaternary folding
E) Complementary base pairing
A

Hydrogen bonding

57
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of RNA?

A) Double stranded
B) Contains cytosine
C) Directs protein synthesis
D) Found primarily in the nucleus
E) Can act as an enzyme
A

Not double stranded and not found in the nucleus

58
Q

DNA:

A) Contains uracil
B) is a helix
C) is the “genes”
D) contains ribose

A

DNA is a helix and is the “genes”

59
Q

A sample is shown to have C, H, O, N, and P as its constituents and is identified as a:

A) Carbohydrate
B) Protein
C) Lipid
D) Nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid

60
Q

Which of the following are synthetic reactions:

A) Glucose to glycogen
B) Glucose and fructose to sucrose
C) Starch to glucose
D) Amino acids to dipeptide

A

A, B, and D

61
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe a mixture?

A) Properties of components are retained
B) Chemical bonds are formed
C) Components can be separated physically
D) Includes heterogenous and homogenous examples

A

Chemical bonds are not formed in a mixture

62
Q

Factors that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions include all of the following except:

A) Presence of catalysts
B) Increasing temperature
C) Increasing particle size
D) Increasing concentration

A

Increasing particle size

63
Q

Which of the following is an inorganic molecule?

A) Sucrose
B) Cholesterol
C) Collagen
D) Sodium Chloride

A

Sodium Chloride

64
Q

Acids:

A) Release hydroxyl when dissolved in water
B) Are proton acceptors
C) Cause the pH to rise
D) Release protons when dissolved in water

A

Release protons

65
Q

The lipids used as the basis of Vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile salts are:

A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipids
D) Prostaglandin

A

Cholesterol

66
Q

____ are carbohydrate building blocks.

A

Monosaccharides

67
Q

Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a ?

A

Polypeptide

68
Q

Proteins are ____ in extremes of temperature or pH.

A

Denatured

69
Q

DNA contains the nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Thymine

70
Q

RNA contains the nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Uracil

SAC A&P I (13 decks)

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