Ch 6 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The study of body structure
Anatomy
The study of body function
Physiology
The wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
Musculoskeletal system
The bones of the body
Skeleton
Tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part
Muscles
Tissues that connect bone to bone
Ligaments
Tissues that connect muscle to bone
Tendons
The bony structure of the head
Skull
The top, back, and sides of the skull
Cranium
The lower jawbone
Mandible
The two fused bones forming the upper jaw
Maxillae
The nose bones
Nasal bones
The bony structures around the eyes (aka eye sockets)
Orbits
The bones that form the structure of the cheeks
Zygomatic arches
The 33 bones of the spinal column
Vertebrae
The chest
Thorax
The breastbone
Sternum
The superior portion of the sternum
Manubrium
The inferior portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
Pelvis
The superior and widest portion of the pelvis
Ilium
The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
Ischium
The medial anterior portion of the pelvis
Pubis
The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
Acetabulum
The large bone of the thigh
Femur
The kneecap
Patella
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg
Tibia
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Fibula
Protrusion on the side of the ankle (lateral and medial)
Malleolus
The ankle bones
Tarsals
The foot bones
Metatarsals
The heel bone
Calcaneus
The toe bones and finger bones
Phalanges
The collarbone
Clavicle
The shoulder blade
Scapula
The highest portion of the shoulder
Acromion process
The joint where the acromion and clavicle meet
Acromioclavicular joint
The bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and elbow
Humerus
The lateral bone of the forearm
Radius
The medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
The wrist bones
Carpals
The hand bones
Metacarpals
The point where two bones come together
Joint
Muscle that can be consciously controlled
Voluntary muscle
Muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
Involuntary muscle
Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
Cardiac muscle
The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
Automaticity
The system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide (aka pulmonary system)
Respiratory system
The area directly posterior to the mouth
Oropharynx
The area directly posterior to the nose
Nasopharynx
The area directly posterior to the mouth and nose (made up of the oropharynx and nasopharynx)
Pharynx
Leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
The voice box
Larynx
Ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
The windpipe; connects the pharynx to the lungs
Trachea
The organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place
Lungs
The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs (right and left)
Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
Alveoli
The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; a major muscle of respiration
Diaphragm
An active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs
Inhalation
A passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow put of the lungs
Exhalation
The process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood (gas exchange at the alveoli)
Ventilation
The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells (gas exchange at the capillaries throughout the body)
Respiration
A system that helps manage the pH of the body to maintain it at a normal level
Buffer system
The system made up of the heart and the blood vessels (aka circulatory system)
Cardiovascular system
The two upper chambers of the heart. Right receives unoxygenated blood returning from body, left receives oxygenated blood returning from lungs
Atria (singular: atrium)
The two lower chambers of the heart. Right sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, left sends oxygen-rich blood to the body
Ventricles
The two major veins that return blood from the body to the right atrium (superior and anterior)
Venae cavae (singular: vena cava)
A structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction
Valve
A system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
Cardiac conduction system
Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
Artery
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)
Coronary arteries
The largest artery in the body; transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation
Aorta
The vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
The large neck arteries, one on each side, that carry blood from the heart to the head
Carotid arteries
The major artery supplying the leg
Femoral artery
Artery of the upper arm
Brachial artery
Artery of the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)
Radial artery
Artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
Posterior tibial artery
Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
Dorsalis pedis artery
The smallest kind of artery
Arteriole
Thin-walled, microscopic blood vessels where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place
Capillaries
The smallest kind of vein
Venule
Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
Vein
Vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary vein
The fluid portion of the blood
Plasma
Components of the blood that carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide away from, the cells
Red blood cells
Components of the blood that produce substances that help the body fight infection
White blood cells
Components of the blood: membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
Platelets
The rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
Pulse
The radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body
Peripheral pulses
The carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body
Central pulses
The pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels
Blood pressure
The pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
Diastolic blood pressure
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
Perfusion
Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients; a life-threatening condition
Hypoperfusion
Another name for hypoperfusion
Shock
The system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system
Lymphatic system
The system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that governs sensation, movement, and thought
Nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
The nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions
Autonomic nervous system
System by which food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms
Digestive system
Muscular sac between the esophagus and small intestine where digestion of food begins
Stomach
The muscular tube between the stomach and large intestine (divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) that receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion; nutrients are absorbed through its walls
Small intestine
The muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion
Large intestine
The largest organ of the body, produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances
Liver
A sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
Gallbladder
A gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum; also functions as part of the endocrine system
Pancreas
Organ located in the LUQ that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
Spleen
Small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in RLQ; its function is not well understood
Appendix
The layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
Skin
The outer layer of skin
Epidermis
The inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves
Dermis
The layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
Subcutaneous layers
System of glands that produce hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions
Endocrine system
A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many people with diabetes; critical to the body’s use of glucose
Insulin
A hormone produced by the adrenal glands; as a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
Epinepherine
System that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood (aka urinary system)
Renal system
Organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body
Kidneys
The round, sacklike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
Bladder
The tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
Ureters
Tube connecting the bladder to the vulva or penis for excretion of urine
Urethra
The body system responsible for human reproduction
Reproductive system
The male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm and hormones
Testes
The organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm
Penis
Egg- and hormone-producing organs within the female reproductive system
Ovaries
Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
Uterus
The female organ of reproduction used both for sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus
Vagina
