CH 6 Flashcards
Vocab for CH 6
acetabulum
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bons join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
ATP
adenosine triphosphate: The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
adrenergic
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (e.g. adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
Aerobic Metabolism
metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
alpha-adrenergic receptors
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
alveoli
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
anerobic metabolism
Metabolism that takes place int he absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid
aorta
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
appendicular skeleton
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
appendix
a small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
arterioles
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
articular cartilage
a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
atrium
one of the two upper chambers of the heart
autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
axial skeleton
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
axons
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
Ball and socket joint
a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
beta-adrenergic receptors
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
biceps
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
bile ducts
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Blood Pressure (BP)
the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Brachial artery
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
brain
the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
brainstem
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
calcaneus
the heel bone
capillary vessels
the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
cardiac muscle
the heart muscle
cardiac output (CO)
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
carotid artery
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
carpals
small bones that compose the wrist
cartilage
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
cecum
the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
cellular metabolism
a set of chemical reactions that supplies the cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
cerebrum
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain; sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
cervical spine
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven neck vertebrae that line in the neck
chordae tendineae
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
chyme
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids
circulatory system
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
coccyx
the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
coronal (frontal) plane
an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
coxae
The hip bones (singular: coxa)
cranium
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
cricoid cartilage
a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
dead space
any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
diaphragm
a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
diffusion
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
endocrine system
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
enzymes
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
epidermis
the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
epiglottis
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
epinephrine
(commonly called adrenaline) A substance produced by the body, and a drug produced in pharmaceutical companies, that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
esophagus
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man
extension
The straightening of a joint
fallopian tubes
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and art he primary location for fertilization of the ovum
femoral artery
The major artery in the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
femoral head
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
fibula
the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
flexion
The bending of a joint
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
frontal bones
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
gallbladder
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
genital system
the reproductive system in men and women
germinal layer
the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
greater trochanter
bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
hair follicles
the small organs that produce hair
heart
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
heart rate (HR)
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
hemoglobin
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells
hinge joints
joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
hormones
substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
hypercapnia
an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia
hypoperfusion
a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock
hypoxia
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
hypoxic drive
a “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
ilium
one of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
inferior vena cava
one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
interstitial space
the space in between the cells
