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EMT Class > CH 11 Lecture > Flashcards

CH 11 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Tidal Volume

A
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2
Q

Dead space

A

Air that doesn’t make it into your lungs

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3
Q

Exhalation

A

Passive. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and smaller thorax compresses air into the lungs

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Not enough oxygen

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5
Q

Regulation of ventilation - mechanism

A

PH changes in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

Breathing based on low oxygen. Typically seen in patients with end-stage COPD

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7
Q

Oxygenation

A

Process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream

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8
Q

Respiration

A

Actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues

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9
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between . . .

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10
Q

External respiration

A
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11
Q

Ventilation/Perfusion ratio and mismatch

A

Air and blood flow must be directed to same place at same time
Ventilation and perfusion must be matched
Failure to match can cause gas exchange not to take place -> lack of O2 in blood stream, CO2 is recirculated in bloodstream, hypoxia occurs

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12
Q

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic factors

A
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13
Q

External vs internal factors

A

Examples: internal: pneumonia, COPD. External: partial pressure of oxygen in atmosphere

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14
Q

pneumothorax

A
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15
Q

Open pneumothorax

A
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16
Q

Hemothorax

A
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17
Q

Hemopneumothrax

A
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18
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A
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19
Q

Vasodilatory shock

A
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20
Q

AGPs

A

Aerosol Generating Procedures. Include CPR, Nebulizer treatments (Nebs), Endotracheal intubation, continuous positive airway pressure

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21
Q

Recognizing adequate breathing

A

12-20 breaths/min
Regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation
Regular, equal chest rise and fall
Adequate depth (tidal volume)
Clear and equal lung sounds

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22
Q

Abnormal breathing signs

A

Less than 12 breaths/min
more than 20 breaths/min
Irregular rhythm
Diminished, absent, or noisy auscultated breath sounds
Reduced flow of expired air at nose and mouth
Unequal or inadequate chest expansion
Increased effort of breathing
Shallow depth
Skin that is pale, cyanotic, cool, or moist
Skin pulling in around ribs or above clavicles during inspiration–this indicates use of accessory muscles

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23
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A

irregular respirations followed by a period of apnea. Often seen in patients with head injuries

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24
Q

Agonal Gasps

A

Appearance of breathing after heart is stopped

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25
Q

Ataxic respirations

A

Irregular or unidentifiable pattern
Often associated with head injuries

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26
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Deep, rapid respirations
Common in patients with metabolic acidosis

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27
Q

Measuring maximal CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath: Low CO2 level

A

Hyperventilation
Decreased CO2 return to the lungs
Reduced CO2 production at the cellular level

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28
Q

Measuring maximal CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath: High CO2 level

A

Ventilatory inadequacy
Apnea

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29
Q

End Tidal CO2 - normal range

A

35-45 mmHg

30
Q

Most common airway obstruction

A

The patient’s own tongue

31
Q

Head Tilt - Chin Lift Maneuver

A
32
Q

Jaw Thrust Maneuver

A

Place your fingers behind the angles of the lower jaw. Move the jaw upward. Use your thumbs to help position the lower jaw. Note, unless you have an oral airway in, you have to hold the jaw thrust to maintain the airway (can’t let go)

33
Q

Opening the mouth - cross finger technique

A

Place the tips of your index finger and thumb on the patient’s teeth. Push your thumb on the lower teeth. Push the index finger on the upper teeth. The index finger and the thumb cross over each other.

34
Q

Suctioning unit test pressure

A

Test the suctioning unit to ensure vacuum pressure of more than 300 mm Hg

35
Q

Maximum suction time

A

Never suction the nose and mouoth more than 15 seconds for adults, 10 for childeren, and 5 for infants.

36
Q

When patients have secretions or vomitus that cannot be suctioned easily

A
37
Q

If the patient produces frothy secretions

A

Suction for 15 seconds (less for infants and children)
Ventilate for 2 minutes
Continue this alternating pattern until all the secretions have been cleared

38
Q

Indications for an oropharyngeal airway

A

Unresponsive patients without a gag reflex
Apneic patients being ventilated with a bag-mask device

39
Q

Contraindications for an oropharyngeal airway

A

COnscious patient
gag reflex

40
Q

Nasopharyngeal airway

A

Semiconscious or unconscious patients with an intact gag reflex
Patients who will not tolerate an oropharyngeal airway

41
Q

Contraindications for nasopharyngeal airway

A

Severe head injury with blood in the nose
History of fractured nasal bone

42
Q

When to use the recovery position

A

Use to help maintain a clear airway in an unconscious patient who is not injured and is breathing on his or her own

43
Q

When to give oxygen

A

Always give oxygen to patients who are hypoxic. Never withhold oxygen from any patient who might benefit from it.

44
Q

Hazards of supplemental oxygen

A

Combustion
Oxygen toxicity - SpO2 meter can’t read over 100%. You don’t know if your patient is over 100% if it’s reading 100%

45
Q

Target oxygen saturation

A

When pulse oximetry is available, tailor oxygen therapy to maintain 94%

46
Q

Nonrebreathing masks

A

Preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting. Must inflate the bag; don’t let the bag run out of oxygen.

47
Q

Bag Mask Devices

A

Provides less tidal volume than mouth-to-mask ventilation. An experienced EMT can provide adequate tidal volume. Can deliver nearly 100% . . .

48
Q

Nasal cannulas

A

1-6 L/min. Can provide 24% to 44% inspired oxygen. Used in patients with mild hypoxemia. A patient who breaths through the mouth or has a nasal obstruction will NOT benefit. When you anticipate a long transport time, consider using humidification.

49
Q

Partial rebreathing masks

A

There is no one-way valve between the mask and the reservoir; patients rebreathe a small amount of exhaled air

50
Q

Venturi Masks

A

Delivers 24%-?

51
Q
A
52
Q

Signs of inadequate ventilation

A

Altered mental status, inadequate minute volume, excessive accessory muscle use and fatigue

53
Q

When assisting with a bag-mask device

A

Explain the procedure to the patient; place the mask over the nose and mouth; squeeze the bag each time the patient breathes; After the initial 5 to 10 breaths, deliver an appropriate tidal volume; Maintain an adequate minute volume.

54
Q

Normal ventilation vs Positive Pressure ventilation

A

In normal breathing, the diaphragm contracts and negative pressure is generated in the chest cavity. Positive pressure ventilation is generated by a device that forces air into the chest cavity.

55
Q

Side affects of positive pressure ventilation

A

Increased intrathorac. . .

56
Q

Gastric Distention

A

Occurs when artificial ventilation fills the stomach with air. (Overfilling the stomach, even with air, will cause vomiting.) Most likely to occur when you ventilate the patient too forcefully or too rapidly. May also occur when the airway is obstructed.

57
Q

Alleviating Gastric Distention

A
58
Q

Passive Ventilation

A

Expansion and contraction create a “pump for air movement. Benefits patients who are receiving chest compressions. Can be enhanced with oral airway and supplemental oxygen

59
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Increases pressure in the lungs. Opens collapsed alveoli. Pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane. Forces interstitial fluid back into pulmonary circulation. Use caution with patients with potentially low blood pressure

60
Q

Indications of CPAP

A

MUST HAVE RESPIRSTORY DRIVE. Alert and able to follow commands. Obvious moderate to severe respiratory distress. Respiratory distress occurs after a submersion incident. Patient is breathing rapidly. Pulse oximetry reading is less than 90%

61
Q
A
62
Q

Contraindications for CPAP

A

Respiratory arrest. Hypoventilating. Cannot speak. Unresponsive and cannot follow verbal commands. Hypotensive. Sygns and symptoms of pneumothorax or chest trauma
Tracheostomy. Active gastrointestinal bleeding or vomiting. Patient has experienced facial trauma. Cardiogenic shock. Cannot sit upright. Cannot tolerate mask

63
Q

Application of CPAP

A

7.0 to 10.0 cm H2O is acceptable

64
Q

CPAP complication

A

Claustrophobic. Risk of pneumothorax. Can lower blood pressure.

65
Q

Giving mouth-to-mouth with a stoma

A

Seal the stoma while giving mouth-to-mouth. (Use barrier device over patient’s mouth)

66
Q

Mild airway obstruction

A

Patients can still exchange air, but will have respiratory distress. With good air exchange, do not interfere with patient’s efforts to expel object. Poor air exchange (cyanosis, stridor, etc), treat immediately.

67
Q

Dental appliances

A

Can cause airway obstruction. Leave well fitting dentures in place. Loose dentures interfere with the process and should be removed.

68
Q

Breathing is controlled by an area in the

A

brainstem

69
Q

EMT should asses a patient’s tidal volume by

A

Observing for adequate chest rise

70
Q

When an unconscious patient begins to vomit

A

Turn patient onto side, THEN remove oral airway

71
Q
A

EMT Class (12 decks)

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